Airport fire trucks are extremely powerful machines. They offer relatively good acceleration (for such large, heavy vehicles), are able to negotiate rough terrain outside the airport area, carry large capacities of water, and fire fighting foam, are fitted with powerful high-capacity pumps, and water/foam cannons and capable of delivering firefighting media over long distances.
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Airport Fire Truck
↧
Understanding air pressure
Understanding air pressure
The weight of the air pressing down on the Earth, the ocean and on the air below causes air pressure. Earth's gravity, of course, causes the downward force that we know as "weight." Since the pressure depends upon the amount of air above the point where you're measuring the pressure, the pressure decreases as you go higher.
Air pressure is related to its density, which is related to the air's temperature and height above the Earth's surface.
Air pressure changes with the weather. In fact, it's one of the most important factors that determines what the weather is like. You can do some basic weather forecasting by using the wind and barometric pressure.
Air pressure is also called barometric pressure because barometers are used to measure it.
The National Weather Service reports surface air pressure in inches of mercury, while air pressure aloft is reported in millibars, also known as hectopascals (hPa). Scientists generally use hectopascals to measure air pressure.
In the rest of the world, measurements are usually given in hectopascals, although you'll sometimes see them in centimeters of mercury, especially on older barometers.
The term hectopascals is replacing the term millibars. The hectopascal is a direct measure of pressure, like pounds per square inch, but in the metric system. Since the measurement is in the metric system, 1,000 millibars equal one bar. A bar is a force of 100,000 Newtons acting on a square meter, which is too large of a unit to be a convenient measure of Earth's air pressure.
Inches of mercury and centimeters of mercury measure how high the pressure pushes the mercury in a barometer.
The use of direct pressure measurements goes back to the late 19th century. This was when the Norwegian meteorologist Vilhelm Bjerknes, a leader in making meteorology a mathematical science, urged weather services to use direct pressure measurements because they can be used in the formulas that describe the weather, unlike measures of the height of the mercury in a barometer.
Air pressure and your body
Changes in air pressure, especially rather quick changes, can affect your body. The most obvious of these are the discomfort or even pain you feel in your ears when your gain or lose altitude rather quickly, such as in an aircraft, or even a fast elevator that goes up or down several floors.
Air pressure changes can also be felt in other ways. The links below have more on what happens:
Air pressure corrections
When you read a barometer the reading directly from it is the "station pressure."
Two things affect the barometer's reading, the high or low air pressure caused by weather, and the air pressure caused by the station's elevation, or how high it is above sea level.
No matter what weather systems are doing, the air's pressure decreases with height. If you're trying to draw a weather map of air pressure patterns, you need a way to remove the effects of the station's elevation. That is, you want to see what the pressure would be at the station if it were at sea level. Otherwise, all high-elevation locations would be mapped as having low pressure.
You need to calculate, sea-level pressure, which is defined as: "A pressure value obtained by the theoretical reduction of barometric pressure to sea level. Where the Earth's surface is above sea level, it is assumed that the atmosphere extends to sea level below the station and that the properties of that hypothetical atmosphere are related to conditions observed at the station."
To do this, you have to take into account the barometric reading at the station, the elevation above sea level, and the temperature.
Another kind of barometric reading is the altimeter setting, which aircraft use. It's defined as: "The pressure value to which an aircraft altimeter scale is set so that it will indicate the altitude above mean sea level of an aircraft on the ground at the location for which the value was determined." For it, all you need is the station pressure and the elevation, you can ignore the temperature.
How pressure decreases with altitude
As you go higher in the air, the atmospheric pressure decreases.
The exact pressure at a particular altitude depends of weather conditions, but a couple of approximations and a formula can give you a general idea of how pressure decreases with altitude.
A rule of thumb for the altimeter correction is that the pressure drops about 1 inch of mercury for each 1,000 foot altitude gain. If you're using millibars, the correction is 1 millibar for each 8 meters of altitude gain. These rules work quite well for elevations or altitudes of less than two or three thousand feet.
The standard atmosphere is a table giving values of air pressure, temperature and air density for various altitudes from the ground up. You can think of these values as averages for the entire Earth over the course of a year.
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↧
Understanding air density and its effects
Understanding air density and its effects
By Jack Williams,
In simple terms, density is the mass of anything - including air - divided by the volume it occupies.
In the metric system, which scientists use, we usually measure density in terms of kilograms per cubic meter.
The air's density depends on its temperature, its pressure and how much water vapor is in the air. We'll talk about dry air first, which means we'll be concerned only with temperature and pressure.
In addition to a basic discussion of air density, we will also describe the effects of lower air density – such as caused by going to high altitudes – on humans, how humidity affects air density – you might be surprised – and the affects of air density of aircraft, baseballs, and even racing cars.
The molecules of nitrogen, oxygen and other gases that make up air are moving around at incredible speeds, colliding with each other and all other objects. The higher the temperature, the faster the molecules are moving. As the air is heated, the molecules speed up, which means they push harder against their surroundings.
If the air is in a balloon, heating it will expand the balloon, cooling it will cause the balloon to shrink as the molecules slow down. If the heated air is surrounded by nothing but air, it will push the surrounding air aside. As a result, the amount of air in a particular "box" decreases when the air is heated if the air is free to escape from the box. In the free atmosphere, the air's density decreases as the air is heated.
Pressure has the opposite effect on air density.
Increasing the pressure increases the density. Think of what happens when you press down the handle of a bicycle pump. The air is compressed. The density increases as pressure increases.
Altitude and weather systems can change the air's pressure. As you go higher, the air's pressure decreases from around 1,000 millibars at sea level to 500 millibars at around 18,000 feet. At 100,000 feet above sea level the air's pressure is only about 10 millibars. Weather systems that bring higher or lower air pressure also affect the air's density, but not nearly as much as altitude.
We see that the air's density is lowest at a high elevation on a hot day when the atmospheric pressure is low, say in Denver when a storm is moving in on a hot day. The air's density is highest at low elevations when the pressure is high and the temperature is low, such as on a sunny but extremely cold, winter's day in Alaska.
Effects of lower density on humans If you go high enough, either by climbing a mountain or going up in an airplane that does not have a pressurized cabin, you will begin feeling the effects of lower air pressure and density.
As air pressure decreases oxygen continues to account for about 21% of the gasses in the air as it does at sea level. But, there is less oxygen because there is less of all of the air's gasses. For instance, by the time you go to 12,000 feet the air's pressure is about 40% lower than at sea level. This means that with each breath you are getting about 40% less oxygen than at the lower altitude.
These effects aren't felt in airliners because the cabins are pressurized to keep the air density inside about the same as it would be about 6,000 or 7,000 feet above sea level.
The links below have more information about the effects of lower air density:
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Bombay Explosion (1944)
Bombay Explosion (1944)
Smoke billowing out of Harbour
Time 16:15 IST (10:45 UTC)
Date 14 April 1944
Location Victoria Dock, Bombay, British India
Coordinates 18.952777°N 72.844977°ECoordinates: 18.952777°N 72.844977°E
Cause ship fire
Casualties
800+ dead
3,000 injured
The Bombay Explosion (or Bombay Docks Explosion) occurred on 14 April 1944, in the Victoria Dock of Bombay (now Mumbai) when the freighter SS Fort Stikine carrying a mixed cargo of cotton bales, gold, and ammunition including around 1,400 tons of explosives, caught fire and was destroyed in two giant blasts, scattering debris, sinking surrounding ships and setting fire to the area killing around 800 people.
Contents
1 The vessel, the voyage and cargo
2 Incident
2.1 News
2.2 Loss
3 Salvage
4 Aftermath
5 See also
6 References
6.1 Notes
6.2 Bibliography
7 External links
The vessel, the voyage and cargo SS Fort Stikine
![Bombay-Docks-aftermath1.png]()
Aftermath of the Bombay Explosion on 14 April, 1944
![]()
SS Fort Stikine which exploded during the Bombay Explosion on 14 April, 1944
![]()
People running for safety after the Bombay Explosion on 14 April 1944
![]()
The Memorial erected outside Mumbai Fire Brigade Headquarters
![]()
The SS Fort Stikine was a 7,142 gross register ton freighter built in 1942 in Prince Rupert, British Columbia, under a lend-lease agreement, and was named after Fort Stikine, a former outpost of the Hudson's Bay Company located at what is now Wrangell, Alaska.
Sailing from Birkenhead on 24 February via Gibraltar, Port Said and Karachi, she arrived at Bombay on 12 April 1944. Her cargo included 1,395 tons of explosives including 238 tons of sensitive "A" explosives, torpedoes, mines, shells, munitions, Supermarine Spitfire fighter aircraft, raw cotton bales, barrels of oil, timber, scrap iron and approximately £890,000 of gold bullion in bars in 31 crates. The 87,000 bales of cotton and lubricating oil were loaded at Karachi and the ship's captain, Alexander James Naismith, recorded his protest about such a "mixture" of cargo.The transportation of cotton through sea route was inevitable for the merchants, as transporting cotton in rail from Punjab and Sindh to Bombay was banned at that time. Naismith, who lost his life in the explosion, also described the cargo as "just about everything that will either burn or blow up".The vessel had berthed and was still awaiting unloading on 14 April, after 48 hours of berthing.
Incident
Aftermath of the Bombay Explosion on 14 April 1944
People running for safety after the Bombay Explosion on 14 April 1944
In the mid-afternoon around 14:00, the crew were alerted to a fire onboard burning somewhere in the No. 2 hold. The crew, dockside fire teams and fireboats were unable to extinguish the conflagration, despite pumping over 900 tons of water into the ship, nor were they able to find the source due to the dense smoke. The water was boiling all over the ship, due to heat generated by the fire.
At 15:50 the order to abandon ship was given, and sixteen minutes later there was a great explosion, cutting the ship in two and breaking windows over 12 km (7.5 mi) away. The two explosions were powerful enough to be recorded by seismographs at the Colaba Observatory in the city. Sensors recorded that the earth trembled at Shimla,[6] a city located at a distance of over 1700 km. The shower of burning material set fire to slums in the area. Around two square miles were set ablaze in an 800 m (870 yd) arc around the ship. Eleven neighbouring vessels had been sunk or were sinking, and the emergency personnel at the site suffered heavy losses. Attempts to fight the fire were dealt a further blow when a second explosion from the ship swept the area at 16:34. Burning cotton bales fell from the sky on docked ships, on the dock yard, and on slum areas outside the harbour. The sound of explosions was heard as far as 50 mi (80 km) away.[7] Some of the most developed and economically important parts of Bombay were wiped out because of the blast and resulting fire.[7]
News
The details of the explosions and losses were first reported to the outside world by Radio Saigon, a Japanese-controlled radio which gave a detailed report of the incident on 15 April 1944.[8] British-Indian wartime censorship permitted news reporters to send the reports only in the second week of May 1944.[8] Time Magazine published the story as late as 22 May 1944 and still it was news to the outside world.[8] A movie depicting the explosions and aftermath, made by Indian cinematographer Sudhish Ghatak, was confiscated by military officers[3] although parts of it were shown to the public as a newsreel at a later date.[3]
Loss
The Memorial erected outside Mumbai Fire Brigade Headquarters
The total number of lives lost in the explosion is estimated at more than 800, although some estimates put the figure around 1,300.[9] More than 500 civilians lost their lives, many of them residing in adjoining slum areas, but as it was wartime, information about the full extent of the damage was partially censored.[3] The results of the explosion are summarised as follows:
231 people killed were attached to various dock services including fire brigade and dock employees.[5]
Of the above figure, 66 firemen were killed
More than 500 civilians were killed[5]
Some estimates put total deaths up to 1300[9]
More than 2500 were injured, including civilians[5]
13 ships were lost[5] and some other ships heavily or partially damaged
Out of above, three Royal Indian Navy ships lost[11]
31 wooden crates, each containing four gold bars, each gold bar weighing 2 stones (actually 800 Troy ounces). (almost all since recovered)
More than 50,000 tonnes of shipping destroyed and another 50,000 tonnes of shipping damaged[5]
Loss of more than 50,000 tonnes of food grains, including rice, gave rise to blackmarketing of food grains afterwards.
Salvage
As part of the salvage operation, a British officer was seconded to the Indian government, to establish the pumping operation. This was Sub-Lieutenant Ken Jackson, RNVR, who along with Chief Petty Officer Brazier arrived in Bombay on 7 May 1944. Over a period of three months many ships were salvaged. The de-watering operation took three months to complete, after which Jackson and Brazier returned to their base in Colombo. Jackson remained in the Far East for another two years, conducting further salvage work. For their efforts with the pumping operation, both men were rewarded: Brazier was awarded the MBE, and Jackson received an accelerated promotion. An Australian minesweeper, HMAS Gawler, landed working parties on 21 June 1944, to assist in the restoration of the port.
Aftermath
Aftermath of the explosion at the harbour
A piece of propeller that landed in St. Xaviers High School, about 3 mi (4.8 km) from the docks.
It took three days to bring the fire under control, and later, 8,000 men toiled for seven months to remove around 500,000 tons of debris and bring the docks back into action. The official death toll was 740, including 476 military personnel, with around 1,800 people injured; unofficial tallies run much higher. The occupants of the slums were largely unregistered. In total, twenty-seven other vessels were sunk or damaged in both Victoria dock and the neighbouring Prince's Dock.[citation needed]
The inquiry into the explosion identified the cotton bales as probably being the seat of the fire. It was critical of several errors: storing the cotton below the munitions, not displaying the red flag required to indicate a dangerous cargo on board, delaying unloading the explosives, not using steam injectors to contain the fire and a delay in alerting the local fire brigade
Many families lost all their belongings and were left with just the clothes on their back. Thousands became destitute. It was estimated that about 6,000 firms were affected and 50,000 lost their jobs.[3] The government took full responsibility for the disaster and monetary compensation was paid to citizens who made a claim for loss or damage to property. During normal dredging operations carried out periodically to maintain the depth of the docking bays, many intact gold bars have been found over time – some as late as February 2011 – and they have since been returned to the British government. A live shell weighing 45 kilograms (99 lb) was also found in October 2011.[13] The Mumbai Fire Brigade's headquarters at Byculla has a memorial built in the memory of the numerous fire fighters who died. National Fire Safety Week is observed across India[14] from 14 to 21 April in memory of the 66 firemen[10] who died in this explosion.
Smoke billowing out of Harbour
Time 16:15 IST (10:45 UTC)
Date 14 April 1944
Location Victoria Dock, Bombay, British India
Coordinates 18.952777°N 72.844977°ECoordinates: 18.952777°N 72.844977°E
Cause ship fire
Casualties
800+ dead
3,000 injured
The Bombay Explosion (or Bombay Docks Explosion) occurred on 14 April 1944, in the Victoria Dock of Bombay (now Mumbai) when the freighter SS Fort Stikine carrying a mixed cargo of cotton bales, gold, and ammunition including around 1,400 tons of explosives, caught fire and was destroyed in two giant blasts, scattering debris, sinking surrounding ships and setting fire to the area killing around 800 people.
Contents
1 The vessel, the voyage and cargo
2 Incident
2.1 News
2.2 Loss
3 Salvage
4 Aftermath
5 See also
6 References
6.1 Notes
6.2 Bibliography
7 External links
The vessel, the voyage and cargo SS Fort Stikine
Aftermath of the Bombay Explosion on 14 April, 1944
SS Fort Stikine which exploded during the Bombay Explosion on 14 April, 1944
People running for safety after the Bombay Explosion on 14 April 1944
The Memorial erected outside Mumbai Fire Brigade Headquarters
The SS Fort Stikine was a 7,142 gross register ton freighter built in 1942 in Prince Rupert, British Columbia, under a lend-lease agreement, and was named after Fort Stikine, a former outpost of the Hudson's Bay Company located at what is now Wrangell, Alaska.Sailing from Birkenhead on 24 February via Gibraltar, Port Said and Karachi, she arrived at Bombay on 12 April 1944. Her cargo included 1,395 tons of explosives including 238 tons of sensitive "A" explosives, torpedoes, mines, shells, munitions, Supermarine Spitfire fighter aircraft, raw cotton bales, barrels of oil, timber, scrap iron and approximately £890,000 of gold bullion in bars in 31 crates. The 87,000 bales of cotton and lubricating oil were loaded at Karachi and the ship's captain, Alexander James Naismith, recorded his protest about such a "mixture" of cargo.The transportation of cotton through sea route was inevitable for the merchants, as transporting cotton in rail from Punjab and Sindh to Bombay was banned at that time. Naismith, who lost his life in the explosion, also described the cargo as "just about everything that will either burn or blow up".The vessel had berthed and was still awaiting unloading on 14 April, after 48 hours of berthing.
Incident
Aftermath of the Bombay Explosion on 14 April 1944
People running for safety after the Bombay Explosion on 14 April 1944
In the mid-afternoon around 14:00, the crew were alerted to a fire onboard burning somewhere in the No. 2 hold. The crew, dockside fire teams and fireboats were unable to extinguish the conflagration, despite pumping over 900 tons of water into the ship, nor were they able to find the source due to the dense smoke. The water was boiling all over the ship, due to heat generated by the fire.
At 15:50 the order to abandon ship was given, and sixteen minutes later there was a great explosion, cutting the ship in two and breaking windows over 12 km (7.5 mi) away. The two explosions were powerful enough to be recorded by seismographs at the Colaba Observatory in the city. Sensors recorded that the earth trembled at Shimla,[6] a city located at a distance of over 1700 km. The shower of burning material set fire to slums in the area. Around two square miles were set ablaze in an 800 m (870 yd) arc around the ship. Eleven neighbouring vessels had been sunk or were sinking, and the emergency personnel at the site suffered heavy losses. Attempts to fight the fire were dealt a further blow when a second explosion from the ship swept the area at 16:34. Burning cotton bales fell from the sky on docked ships, on the dock yard, and on slum areas outside the harbour. The sound of explosions was heard as far as 50 mi (80 km) away.[7] Some of the most developed and economically important parts of Bombay were wiped out because of the blast and resulting fire.[7]
News
The details of the explosions and losses were first reported to the outside world by Radio Saigon, a Japanese-controlled radio which gave a detailed report of the incident on 15 April 1944.[8] British-Indian wartime censorship permitted news reporters to send the reports only in the second week of May 1944.[8] Time Magazine published the story as late as 22 May 1944 and still it was news to the outside world.[8] A movie depicting the explosions and aftermath, made by Indian cinematographer Sudhish Ghatak, was confiscated by military officers[3] although parts of it were shown to the public as a newsreel at a later date.[3]
Loss
The Memorial erected outside Mumbai Fire Brigade Headquarters
The total number of lives lost in the explosion is estimated at more than 800, although some estimates put the figure around 1,300.[9] More than 500 civilians lost their lives, many of them residing in adjoining slum areas, but as it was wartime, information about the full extent of the damage was partially censored.[3] The results of the explosion are summarised as follows:
231 people killed were attached to various dock services including fire brigade and dock employees.[5]
Of the above figure, 66 firemen were killed
More than 500 civilians were killed[5]
Some estimates put total deaths up to 1300[9]
More than 2500 were injured, including civilians[5]
13 ships were lost[5] and some other ships heavily or partially damaged
Out of above, three Royal Indian Navy ships lost[11]
31 wooden crates, each containing four gold bars, each gold bar weighing 2 stones (actually 800 Troy ounces). (almost all since recovered)
More than 50,000 tonnes of shipping destroyed and another 50,000 tonnes of shipping damaged[5]
Loss of more than 50,000 tonnes of food grains, including rice, gave rise to blackmarketing of food grains afterwards.
Salvage
As part of the salvage operation, a British officer was seconded to the Indian government, to establish the pumping operation. This was Sub-Lieutenant Ken Jackson, RNVR, who along with Chief Petty Officer Brazier arrived in Bombay on 7 May 1944. Over a period of three months many ships were salvaged. The de-watering operation took three months to complete, after which Jackson and Brazier returned to their base in Colombo. Jackson remained in the Far East for another two years, conducting further salvage work. For their efforts with the pumping operation, both men were rewarded: Brazier was awarded the MBE, and Jackson received an accelerated promotion. An Australian minesweeper, HMAS Gawler, landed working parties on 21 June 1944, to assist in the restoration of the port.
Aftermath
Aftermath of the explosion at the harbour
A piece of propeller that landed in St. Xaviers High School, about 3 mi (4.8 km) from the docks.
It took three days to bring the fire under control, and later, 8,000 men toiled for seven months to remove around 500,000 tons of debris and bring the docks back into action. The official death toll was 740, including 476 military personnel, with around 1,800 people injured; unofficial tallies run much higher. The occupants of the slums were largely unregistered. In total, twenty-seven other vessels were sunk or damaged in both Victoria dock and the neighbouring Prince's Dock.[citation needed]
The inquiry into the explosion identified the cotton bales as probably being the seat of the fire. It was critical of several errors: storing the cotton below the munitions, not displaying the red flag required to indicate a dangerous cargo on board, delaying unloading the explosives, not using steam injectors to contain the fire and a delay in alerting the local fire brigade
Many families lost all their belongings and were left with just the clothes on their back. Thousands became destitute. It was estimated that about 6,000 firms were affected and 50,000 lost their jobs.[3] The government took full responsibility for the disaster and monetary compensation was paid to citizens who made a claim for loss or damage to property. During normal dredging operations carried out periodically to maintain the depth of the docking bays, many intact gold bars have been found over time – some as late as February 2011 – and they have since been returned to the British government. A live shell weighing 45 kilograms (99 lb) was also found in October 2011.[13] The Mumbai Fire Brigade's headquarters at Byculla has a memorial built in the memory of the numerous fire fighters who died. National Fire Safety Week is observed across India[14] from 14 to 21 April in memory of the 66 firemen[10] who died in this explosion.
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RACE and PASS
RACE and PASS
R - RESCUE anyone in immediate danger
A - Activate the ALARM
C - CONFINE the fire (close the door)
E - EXTINGUISH small controllable fires/or EVACUATE
A - Activate the ALARM
C - CONFINE the fire (close the door)
E - EXTINGUISH small controllable fires/or EVACUATE
P - PULL the pin
A - AIM the nozzle at the base of the fire
S - SQUEEZE handle
S– SWEEP from side to side
A - AIM the nozzle at the base of the fire
S - SQUEEZE handle
S– SWEEP from side to side
↧
↧
Classification of Fires
Classification of Fires
Should the nature and size of the fire make it controllable, use the appropriate available extinguisher and proceed with the methods described below. Should the fire be judged “uncontrollable”, follow the “Evacuation Procedures for Uncontrollable Fires”.
CLASS A. (Wood, paper, textiles, rubber). The ABC extinguisher can extinguish this type of fire.
CLASS B. (Flammable or combustible liquids, greases, petroleum products, solvents)
Carbon dioxide or dry chemical ABC extinguishers should be used. Carbon dioxide extinguishers do not leave any residue, whereas dry chemical devices do. Pressurized water units should not be used since the immiscibility of solvents and water may result in spreading of the fire.
Carbon dioxide or dry chemical ABC extinguishers should be used. Carbon dioxide extinguishers do not leave any residue, whereas dry chemical devices do. Pressurized water units should not be used since the immiscibility of solvents and water may result in spreading of the fire.
CLASS C. (Live electrical equipment involved in a fire). If possible, turn off the electrical power to the devices, and then use either the dry chemical extinguisher or a carbon dioxide or halon extinguisher, if available.
CLASS D. (Sodium, potassium, magnesium, titanium, zirconium and other metals)
If sodium, potassium, magnesium, or any other flammable metal powders are to be used in a laboratory, call EH&S for guidance on the appropriate dry powder-extinguishing agent. A specific "Class D" (dry powder) extinguishing agent such as graphite, limestone, sand or sodium carbonate must be made available for fire emergency before work is started.
DO NOT USE pressurized water, carbon dioxide, dry chemical or halon extinguishers on metal or organometallic fires. The use of these extinguishers may introduce substances that are very reactive with the burning metal that may either make the fire grow or trigger an explosion.
If sodium, potassium, magnesium, or any other flammable metal powders are to be used in a laboratory, call EH&S for guidance on the appropriate dry powder-extinguishing agent. A specific "Class D" (dry powder) extinguishing agent such as graphite, limestone, sand or sodium carbonate must be made available for fire emergency before work is started.
DO NOT USE pressurized water, carbon dioxide, dry chemical or halon extinguishers on metal or organometallic fires. The use of these extinguishers may introduce substances that are very reactive with the burning metal that may either make the fire grow or trigger an explosion.
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Weather report of 14 april , TODAY PREDICTION 2015 and monthly REPORT ILL 14 APRIL
Actual | Average | Record | |
Temperature | |||
Mean Temperature | 28 °C | - | |
Max Temperature | 31 °C | - | - () |
Min Temperature | 24 °C | - | - () |
Cooling Degree Days | 17 | ||
Growing Degree Days | 32 (Base 50) | ||
Moisture | |||
Dew Point | 23 °C | ||
Average Humidity | 71 | ||
Maximum Humidity | 83 | ||
Minimum Humidity | 58 | ||
Precipitation | |||
Precipitation | 0.5 mm | - | - () |
Sea Level Pressure | |||
Sea Level Pressure | 1011.63 hPa | ||
Wind | |||
Wind Speed | 0 km/h () | ||
Max Wind Speed | 0 km/h | ||
Max Gust Speed | - | ||
Visibility | 7.0 kilometers | ||
Events | Rain | ||
T = Trace of Precipitation, MM = Missing Value | Source: Averaged Metar Reports |
Daily Weather History Graph
Monthly
Max | Avg | Min | Sum | |
Temperature | ||||
Max Temperature | 37 °C | 35 °C | 26 °C | |
Mean Temperature | 32 °C | 30 °C | 26 °C | |
Min Temperature | 27 °C | 25 °C | 24 °C | |
Degree Days | ||||
Heating Degree Days (base 65) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Cooling Degree Days (base 65) | 25 | 22 | 14 | 323 |
Growing Degree Days (base 50) | 40 | 37 | 29 | 549 |
Dew Point | ||||
Dew Point | 27 °C | 25 °C | 20 °C | |
Precipitation | ||||
Precipitation | 1.0 mm | 0.1 mm | 0.0 mm | 1.50 mm |
Snowdepth | - | - | - | - |
Wind | ||||
Wind | 9 km/h | 2 km/h | 0 km/h | |
Gust Wind | - | - | - | |
Sea Level Pressure | ||||
Sea Level Pressure | 1015 hPa | 1010 hPa | 1002 hPa | |
Monthly Weather History Graph
2014 APRIL GRAPH FOR COMPARISON
We are one humanity on this planet.
All life is interconnected and interdependent.
All share in the Universal bond of love.
Love begins with self acceptance and forgiveness.
With respect and compassion we embrace diversity.
Together we make a difference through love.
With best regards,
(2015)
Dr. AMAR NATH GIRIAll life is interconnected and interdependent.
All share in the Universal bond of love.
Love begins with self acceptance and forgiveness.
With respect and compassion we embrace diversity.
Together we make a difference through love.
With best regards,
(2015)
M.Sc. -Environmental Science,Ph.D -Environmental Science law & DIPLOMA AS - P.G.D.E.P.L,CES, DCA,
EX IIM LUCKNOW FELLOW, EX RESEARCH SCIENTIST
IGIDR-MUMBAI
9912511918
amarnathgiri@nagarjunagroup.com
http://www.nagarjunagroup.com
http://www.nagarjunafertilizers.com
http://dramarnathgiri.blogspot.in/2013/10/curriculum-vitae-of-dr-amar-nath-giri.html?q=BIO+DATA
http://dramarnathgiri.blogspot.in/2012/05/nagarjuna-management-services.html
↧
Conception of Soil Testing
Conception of Soil Testing In most of the soil testing laboratories in India, the soil pH, electrical conductivity, oxidizable organic carbon, available nitrogen, available phosphorous and available potassium are determined by chemical analytical methods within a short period. Hence, Soil testing is the rapid chemical analysis of a soil to estimate the available nutrient status, reaction and salinity of the soil. Objectives of Soil Testing - The objectives of soil testing area as follows:
By soil test summaries the fertility status i.e., available nitrogen status or available phosphorous status or available potassium status expressed as HIGH, MEDIUM or LOW. A soil fertility map showing such fertility status can be prepared. The soil fertility map can be used for -
3. To prepare a basis for fertilizer recommendation, lime recommendation or gypsum recommendation. Soil Testing Programme - A soil testing programme has four phases as follows:
Before giving the soil samples to a soil testing laboratory for chemical analysis, collection and preparation of soil sample should be done with perfection. Method of Collection of Soil Samples - Collection for field crops Equipments
Procedure
Informations
Collection for plantation crop
Collection for local problem soils - Local problem soils are treated as separate soil units (plots). Hence, separate composite samples are collected from problem soils. The problem soil samples are not mixed with normal soils (i.e., non problem soils). Both surface soil and subsoil samples are collected. Collection of surface soil sample-Take 10-30 furrow-slices or cores that extend through A1 horizon. Collection of Subsoil sample Dig a well (i.e. pit) of 1 meter depth. Take soil-slices of ½ inch depth below A1 horizon from different depths as follows: 0-15, 15-30, 30-60, 60-100 cm Fertilizer Recommendation Rating of Soil Test Results- On the basis of soil test results, the soils are grouped into different categories. The categories with respect to organic carbon, available PO, KO and N are a follows:
The categories of soils with respect to soil pH are as follows:
The categories of soils with respect to conductivity (total soluble salts) in mmhos/cm (dSm-1) followed are as follows:
Finding the Rate of N, P2 and KO Application from Recommendation Table Some soil testing laboratories in India use a table that contains the rate of N, PO and KO application on the basis of soil test results as a tool for fertilizer calculation. One example of such table is given bellow.  | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Weather Report and Forecast For: Kakinada Dated :Apr 16, 2015
Local Weather Report and Forecast For: Kakinada Dated :Apr 16, 2015
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| Today's Forecast:Sky Condition would be generally cloudy. Rain/thundershowers would occur in parts of city.. Maximum and Minimum Temperatures would be around 32 and 23 Degrees Celsius respectively. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Actual | Average | Record | |
Temperature | |||
Mean Temperature | 28 °C | - | |
Max Temperature | 31 °C | - | - () |
Min Temperature | 24 °C | - | - () |
Cooling Degree Days | 16 | ||
Growing Degree Days | 32 (Base 50) | ||
Moisture | |||
Dew Point | 24 °C | ||
Average Humidity | 73 | ||
Maximum Humidity | 83 | ||
Minimum Humidity | 60 | ||
Precipitation | |||
Precipitation | 0.8 mm | - | - () |
Sea Level Pressure | |||
Sea Level Pressure | 1013.00 hPa | ||
Wind | |||
Wind Speed | 0 km/h () | ||
Max Wind Speed | 4 km/h | ||
Max Gust Speed | - | ||
Visibility | 7.0 kilometers | ||
Events | |||
MONTHLY
Max | Avg | Min | Sum | |
Temperature | ||||
Max Temperature | 37 °C | 34 °C | 26 °C | |
Mean Temperature | 32 °C | 30 °C | 26 °C | |
Min Temperature | 27 °C | 25 °C | 24 °C | |
Degree Days | ||||
Heating Degree Days (base 65) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Cooling Degree Days (base 65) | 25 | 21 | 13 | 356 |
Growing Degree Days (base 50) | 40 | 36 | 28 | 613 |
Dew Point | ||||
Dew Point | 27 °C | 24 °C | 20 °C | |
Precipitation | ||||
Precipitation | 1.0 mm | 0.2 mm | 0.0 mm | 3.30 mm |
Snowdepth | - | - | - | - |
Wind | ||||
Wind | 9 km/h | 1 km/h | 0 km/h | |
Gust Wind | - | - | - | |
Sea Level Pressure | ||||
Sea Level Pressure | 1015 hPa | 1010 hPa | 1002 hPa | |
Monthly Weather History Graph
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Safety Committee Compliance Checklist
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Occupational Noise Exposure
Every year, approximately 30 million people in the United States are occupationally exposed to hazardous noise. Noise-related hearing loss has been listed as one of the most prevalent occupational health concerns in the United States for more than 25 years. Thousands of workers every year suffer from preventable hearing loss due to high workplace noise levels. Since 2004, the Bureau of Labor Statistics has reported that nearly 125,000 workers have suffered significant, permanent hearing loss. In 2009 alone, BLS reported more than 21,000 hearing loss cases.
Exposure to high levels of noise can cause permanent hearing loss. Neither surgery nor a hearing aid can help correct this type of hearing loss. Short term exposure to loud noise can also cause a temporary change in hearing (your ears may feel stuffed up) or a ringing in your ears (tinnitus). These short-term problems may go away within a few minutes or hours after leaving the noisy area. However, repeated exposures to loud noise can lead to permanent tinnitus and/or hearing loss.
Loud noise can also create physical and psychological stress, reduce productivity, interfere with communication and concentration, and contribute to workplace accidents and injuries by making it difficult to hear warning signals. Noise-induced hearing loss limits your ability to hear high frequency sounds, understand speech, and seriously impairs your ability to communicate. The effects of hearing loss can be profound, as hearing loss can interfere with your ability to enjoy socializing with friends, playing with your children or grandchildren, or participating in other social activities you enjoy, and can lead to psychological and social isolation.
Exposure to loud noise can destroy these hair cells and cause hearing loss!
OSHA sets legal limits on noise exposure in the workplace. These limits are based on a worker's time weighted average over an 8 hour day. With noise, OSHA's permissible exposure limit (PEL) is 90 dBA for all workers for an 8 hour day. The OSHA standard uses a 5 dBA exchange rate. This means that when the noise level is increased by 5 dBA, the amount of time a person can be exposed to a certain noise level to receive the same dose is cut in half.
The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has recommended that all worker exposures to noise should be controlled below a level equivalent to 85 dBA for eight hours to minimize occupational noise induced hearing loss. NIOSH has found that significant noise-induced hearing loss occurs at the exposure levels equivalent to the OSHA PEL based on updated information obtained from literature reviews. NIOSH also recommends a 3 dBA exchange rate so that every increase by 3 dBA doubles the amount of the noise and halves the recommended amount of exposure time.
Engineering controls that reduce sound exposure levels are available and technologically feasible for most noise sources. Engineering controls involve modifying or replacing equipment, or making related physical changes at the noise source or along the transmission path to reduce the noise level at the worker's ear. In some instances the application of a relatively simple engineering noise control solution reduces the noise hazard to the extent that further requirements of the OSHA Noise standard (e.g., audiometric testing (hearing tests), hearing conservation program, provision of hearing protectors, etc…) are not necessary. Examples of inexpensive, effective engineering controls include some of the following:
An effective hearing conservation program must be implemented by employers in general industry whenever worker noise exposure is equal to or greater than 85 dBA for an 8 hour exposure or in the construction industry when exposures exceed 90 dBA for an 8 hour exposure. This program strives to prevent initial occupational hearing loss, preserve and protect remaining hearing, and equip workers with the knowledge and hearing protection devices necessary to protect them. Key elements of an effective hearing conservation program include:
Each of these elements is critical to ensure that workers are being protected where noise levels are unable to be reduced below the OSHA required levels.
Exposure to high levels of noise can cause permanent hearing loss. Neither surgery nor a hearing aid can help correct this type of hearing loss. Short term exposure to loud noise can also cause a temporary change in hearing (your ears may feel stuffed up) or a ringing in your ears (tinnitus). These short-term problems may go away within a few minutes or hours after leaving the noisy area. However, repeated exposures to loud noise can lead to permanent tinnitus and/or hearing loss.
Loud noise can also create physical and psychological stress, reduce productivity, interfere with communication and concentration, and contribute to workplace accidents and injuries by making it difficult to hear warning signals. Noise-induced hearing loss limits your ability to hear high frequency sounds, understand speech, and seriously impairs your ability to communicate. The effects of hearing loss can be profound, as hearing loss can interfere with your ability to enjoy socializing with friends, playing with your children or grandchildren, or participating in other social activities you enjoy, and can lead to psychological and social isolation.
- How does the ear work?
- What are the warning signs that your workplace may be too noisy?
- How loud is too loud?
- What can be done to reduce the hazard from noise?
- How can OSHA help?
How does the ear work?
When sound waves enter the outer ear, the vibrations impact the ear drum and are transmitted to the middle and inner ear. In the middle ear three small bones called the malleus (or hammer), the incus (or anvil), and the stapes (or stirrup) amplify and transmit the vibrations generated by the sound to the inner ear. The inner ear contains a snail-like structure called the cochlea which is filled with fluid and lined with cells with very fine hairs. These microscopic hairs move with the vibrations and convert the sound waves into nerve impulses–the result is the sound we hear.Exposure to loud noise can destroy these hair cells and cause hearing loss!
What are the warning signs that your workplace may be too noisy?
Noise may be a problem in your workplace if:- You hear ringing or humming in your ears when you leave work.
- You have to shout to be heard by a coworker an arm's length away.
- You experience temporary hearing loss when leaving work.
How loud is too loud?
Noise is measured in units of sound pressure levels called decibels, named after Alexander Graham Bell, using A-weighted sound levels (dBA). The A-weighted sound levels closely match the perception of loudness by the human ear. Decibels are measured on a logarithmic scale which means that a small change in the number of decibels results in a huge change in the amount of noise and the potential damage to a person's hearing.OSHA sets legal limits on noise exposure in the workplace. These limits are based on a worker's time weighted average over an 8 hour day. With noise, OSHA's permissible exposure limit (PEL) is 90 dBA for all workers for an 8 hour day. The OSHA standard uses a 5 dBA exchange rate. This means that when the noise level is increased by 5 dBA, the amount of time a person can be exposed to a certain noise level to receive the same dose is cut in half.
The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has recommended that all worker exposures to noise should be controlled below a level equivalent to 85 dBA for eight hours to minimize occupational noise induced hearing loss. NIOSH has found that significant noise-induced hearing loss occurs at the exposure levels equivalent to the OSHA PEL based on updated information obtained from literature reviews. NIOSH also recommends a 3 dBA exchange rate so that every increase by 3 dBA doubles the amount of the noise and halves the recommended amount of exposure time.
Here's an example: OSHA allows 8 hours of exposure to 90 dBA but only 2 hours of exposure to 100 dBA sound levels. NIOSH would recommend limiting the 8 hour exposure to less than 85 dBA. At 100 dBA, NIOSH recommends less than 15 minutes of exposure per day.
In 1981, OSHA implemented new requirements to protect all workers in general industry (e.g. the manufacturing and the service sectors) for employers to implement a Hearing Conservation Program where workers are exposed to a time weighted average noise level of 85 dBA or higher over an 8 hour work shift. Hearing Conservation Programs require employers to measure noise levels, provide free annual hearing exams and free hearing protection, provide training, and conduct evaluations of the adequacy of the hearing protectors in use unless changes to tools, equipment and schedules are made so that they are less noisy and worker exposure to noise is less than the 85 dBA.What can be done to reduce the hazard from noise?
Noise controls are the first line of defense against excessive noise exposure. The use of these controls should aim to reduce the hazardous exposure to the point where the risk to hearing is eliminated or minimized. With the reduction of even a few decibels, the hazard to hearing is reduced, communication is improved, and noise-related annoyance is reduced. There are several ways to control and reduce worker exposure to noise in a workplace.Engineering controls that reduce sound exposure levels are available and technologically feasible for most noise sources. Engineering controls involve modifying or replacing equipment, or making related physical changes at the noise source or along the transmission path to reduce the noise level at the worker's ear. In some instances the application of a relatively simple engineering noise control solution reduces the noise hazard to the extent that further requirements of the OSHA Noise standard (e.g., audiometric testing (hearing tests), hearing conservation program, provision of hearing protectors, etc…) are not necessary. Examples of inexpensive, effective engineering controls include some of the following:
- Choose low-noise tools and machinery (e.g., Buy Quiet Roadmap (NASA)).
- Maintain and lubricate machinery and equipment (e.g., oil bearings).
- Place a barrier between the noise source and employee (e.g., sound walls or curtains).
- Enclose or isolate the noise source.
- Operating noisy machines during shifts when fewer people are exposed.
- Limiting the amount of time a person spends at a noise source.
- Providing quiet areas where workers can gain relief from hazardous noise sources (e.g., construct a sound proof room where workers' hearing can recover – depending upon their individual noise level and duration of exposure, and time spent in the quiet area).
- Restricting worker presence to a suitable distance away from noisy equipment. Controlling noise exposure through distance is often an effective, yet simple and inexpensive administrative control. This control may be applicable when workers are present but are not actually working with a noise source or equipment. Increasing the distance between the noise source and the worker, reduces their exposure. In open space, for every doubling of the distance between the source of noise and the worker, the noise is decreased by 6 dBA.
An effective hearing conservation program must be implemented by employers in general industry whenever worker noise exposure is equal to or greater than 85 dBA for an 8 hour exposure or in the construction industry when exposures exceed 90 dBA for an 8 hour exposure. This program strives to prevent initial occupational hearing loss, preserve and protect remaining hearing, and equip workers with the knowledge and hearing protection devices necessary to protect them. Key elements of an effective hearing conservation program include:
- Workplace noise sampling including personal noise monitoring which identifies which employees are at risk from hazardous levels of noise.
- Informing workers at risk from hazardous levels of noise exposure of the results of their noise monitoring.
- Providing affected workers or their authorized representatives with an opportunity to observe any noise measurements conducted.
- Maintaining a worker audiometric testing program (hearing tests) which is a professional evaluation of the health effects of noise upon individual worker's hearing.
- Implementing comprehensive hearing protection follow-up procedures for workers who show a loss of hearing (standard threshold shift) after completing baseline (first) and yearly audiometric testing.
- Proper selection of hearing protection based upon individual fit and manufacturer's quality testing indicating the likely protection that they will provide to a properly trained wearer.
- Evaluate the hearing protectors attenuation and effectiveness for the specific workplace noise.
- Training and information that ensures the workers are aware of the hazard from excessive noise exposures and how to properly use the protective equipment that has been provided.
- Data management of and worker access to records regarding monitoring and noise sampling.
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Local Weather Report and Forecast For: Kakinada Dated :Apr 17, 2015
Local Weather Report and Forecast For: Kakinada Dated :Apr 17, 2015
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Today's Forecast:Sky Condition would be partly cloudy. Rain/thundershowers may occur in parts of city.. Maximum and Minimum Temperatures would be around 35 and 24 Degrees Celsius respectively. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Actual | Average | Record | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Temperature | |||
| Mean Temperature | 29 °C | - | |
| Max Temperature | 34 °C | - | - () |
| Min Temperature | 24 °C | - | - () |
| Cooling Degree Days | 20 | ||
| Growing Degree Days | 34 (Base 50) | ||
| Moisture | |||
| Dew Point | 23 °C | ||
| Average Humidity | 73 | ||
| Maximum Humidity | 89 | ||
| Minimum Humidity | 47 | ||
| Precipitation | |||
| Precipitation | 3.0 mm | - | - () |
| Sea Level Pressure | |||
| Sea Level Pressure | 1010.25 hPa | ||
| Wind | |||
| Wind Speed | 1 km/h () | ||
| Max Wind Speed | 7 km/h | ||
| Max Gust Speed | - | ||
| Visibility | 7.0 kilometers | ||
| Events | |||
| T = Trace of Precipitation, MM = Missing Value | Source: Averaged Metar Reports |
Daily Weather History Graph
TODAY PREDICTION
Monthly
| Max | Avg | Min | Sum | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Temperature | ||||
| Max Temperature | 37 °C | 34 °C | 25 °C | |
| Mean Temperature | 32 °C | 30 °C | 25 °C | |
| Min Temperature | 27 °C | 25 °C | 24 °C | |
| Degree Days | ||||
| Heating Degree Days (base 65) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Cooling Degree Days (base 65) | 25 | 21 | 12 | 375 |
| Growing Degree Days (base 50) | 40 | 36 | 27 | 646 |
| Dew Point | ||||
| Dew Point | 27 °C | 24 °C | 20 °C | |
| Precipitation | ||||
| Precipitation | 3.0 mm | 0.3 mm | 0.0 mm | 6.30 mm |
| Snowdepth | - | - | - | - |
| Wind | ||||
| Wind | 9 km/h | 1 km/h | 0 km/h | |
| Gust Wind | - | - | - | |
| Sea Level Pressure | ||||
| Sea Level Pressure | 1015 hPa | 1010 hPa | 1002 hPa | |
Monthly Weather History Graph
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Railways to set up Plants for Converting Plastic to Diesel
Railways to set up Plants for Converting Plastic to Diesel
Dr Harsh Vardhan says India is Ahead in R&D on Alternative Fuels
“Energy and environment are two side of the same coin”, he pointed out. “I urge our scientists to constantly strive to develop new technologies and products with zero defect and zero effect which can help to produce a higher GDP per unit of energy consumed. India must be at the forefront of fighting climate change. We would thus help realise the vision of our Hon’ble Prime Minister and President, CSIR.”
Indian Railways is soon to set up plants to manufacture diesel for mechanical traction with technology patented by scientists at the CSIR-Indian Institute of Petroleum (CSIR-IIP) here. Dr Harsh Vardhan says India is Ahead in R&D on Alternative Fuels
“Energy and environment are two side of the same coin”, he pointed out. “I urge our scientists to constantly strive to develop new technologies and products with zero defect and zero effect which can help to produce a higher GDP per unit of energy consumed. India must be at the forefront of fighting climate change. We would thus help realise the vision of our Hon’ble Prime Minister and President, CSIR.”
Announcing this in Dehradun today, Dr Harsh Vardhan, Union Minister for Science and Technology and Vice President, CSIR, laid out the roadmap for further exploitation of opportunities in alternative fuel sources. The country’s premier research establishment in hydrocarbons has achieved significant success in reducing national dependence on fossil fuels.
“I have myself campaigned on the streets of Delhi against pollution and plastic proliferation. Today, I am glad to announce that diesel conforming to Euro-5 specifications in sulphur content has become a reality thanks to the CSIR-IIP & GAIL’s diligence and ingenuity,” he said.
The rapid decision to embrace the technology by the world’s largest railway network, Indian Railways, speaks volumes for the Narendra Modi government’s resolve to apply out-of-the-box ideas to reduce India’s carbon footprint. The Minister remarked: “United States President Barack Obama has described Shri Modi as India’s reformer-in-chief. This is not surprising.”
CSIR-IIP, which is part of the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), is currently blazing the trail in offering solutions to global warming. Reducing India’s high dependence on imports and sparing the fossil fuels for the future generations constitute the major focus of its present R&D thrust. He said, “At the inauguration of the Indian Science Congress in Mumbai in January, I had stated our government’s resolve not to be distracted by falling oil prices by continuing to fund R&D into clean energy. I had CSIR-IIP in mind at the time because I was confident that the time when I could announce to the world this amazing news was drawing near.”
The Minister elaborated: “We are the first to have the capability to convert 1 tonne of broken buckets, mugs, toothpaste tubes, bottle caps and other Polyolefins products into 850 litres of the cleanest grade of diesel. This is the best news yet for the planet this year because henceforth plastic waste will be viewed more as a resource than a nuisance.”
The Minister, who visited the IIP’s campus, inaugurated the Advanced Triblogy Research Centre. He was accompanied by Dr M.O.Garg, Director-General of CSIR who is also the Director of the prestigious establishment. Dr Sudeep Kumar, Head, PPD of CSIR and other scientists were also present.
Another feather in CSIR-IIP’s cap is the successful project to produce low-carbon jet fuel from the inedible, drought-resistant Jatropha plant. This has already captured the imagination of several governments worldwide.
Dr Harsh Vardhan said, “We have gone several steps ahead in developing alternative sources of jet fuel. Jatropha apart, CSIR-IIP has the knowledge to make jet fuel out of any non-edible oil –even the waste cooking oil from our kitchens is soon to become prized material in the market.”
The Minister, who has initiated several renewable energy missions in the national capital –including a project to run public toilets with solar power-fuelled taps, exhaust fans and lights – said “We must make a social movement out of alternative fuel use. Our cultural heritage has been one of the most environment friendly. Our villagers have used cowdung cakes as a fuel source for thousands of years. In recent decades we had been following the mad path of over-consumption. Now, thanks to our scientists we can revert to our original mindset of preservation.”
While moving fast with alternative fuels, CSIR-IIP has continued with its founding mission of developing cleaner forms of fossil fuels. This has led to the development of world class sweetening catalyst which helps to remove excessive foul smelling mercaptans from LPG. After capturing the Indian market, recently 600 Kg of this new material hit the international market”, Dr Harsh Vardhan announced.
The Minister remarked that the advanced training courses on Petroleum Refining and Petrochemicals which have been run by the institute right from inception for the Indian hydrocarbon sector has made a major impact on human resource development. He stressed on the importance of imparting necessary skills to operate and optimize plant operations at the international level.
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Resolution Adopted at the State Environment and Forest Ministers’ Conference (April 6-7, 2015)
Resolution Adopted at the State Environment and Forest Ministers’ Conference (April 6-7, 2015)
The following is the text of the Resolution adopted at the State Environment and Forest Ministers’ Conference at Vigyan Bhawan today: • Adhere to timelines prescribed for processing of online applications for FC to clear backlog accumulated up to 31-03-2015 by end of June 2015, or earlier as per prescribed timelines;
• Establish effective mechanism for source segregation of waste by generators and arrange door-to-door collection of segregated solid waste in all urban areas within two years and put in place authorised waste recycling arrangements for the waste processing;
• Ensure that recycled materials from construction and demolition waste is mandatorily used in non-load bearing structures;
• Ensure that industrial area/zone/cluster plans mandatorily have waste recycling units;
• Share common treatment storage and disposal facilities (TSDFs) for hazardous waste with other States;
• Arrange a web-based platform for integration of various kinds of approvals with respect to waste management;
• Enforce effective plastic waste management and e-waste management by involving Producers through Extended Producers Responsibility.
• A comprehensive amendment of the Indian Forest Act, 1927 may be prepared to ensure effective implementation of law; • States will send geo-reference maps of all the forest areas and notify all the CA areas transferred and mutated in favour of forest department as RF/PF latest by 31.10.2015;
• States will realise outstanding NPV latest by 31.5.2015 and will create land bank in degraded/non-forest/revenue forest lands;
• States will accord high priority for research in emerging areas, fill vacancies at field level and take steps to improve working conditions in Forest Departments;
• State Forest Departments will objectively assess the animal population of species and carefully consider the option of population management;
• Delineation of Eco-sensitive Zones must be completed by 30.6.2015. In case the boundary of a PA is along interstate border, the states concerned will work jointly for finalizing the proposal based on the parameters recommended by NBWL;
• All tiger range states will constitute State level Steering Committees and prepare Tiger Conservation Plans including voluntary village relocation from core/critical tiger habitats;
• Protect, restore and enhance India’s green cover and take steps to:
o Constitute State, District and Cluster level Committees as per GIM guidelines within three months.
o Identify landscapes based on bio-geophysical and socio-economic parameters.
o Issue of Government orders for convergence (at implementation level) with other existing programmes.
o Identify and propagate indigenous species suited to their local environment.
• All participating Ministries, States/UTs will provide their inputs on the recommendations that have been made by the High Level Committee and circulated to the Central Ministries/State Governments/UT Administrators at the earliest but positively by 30th April, 2015.
• Work towards developing a national environment and forest database for expedited integration of clearances and enforcement of stipulated safeguards;
• Resolved that the provisions on “Violations” need to be rationalised and civil penalty provisions be incorporated in EPA and pollution related Acts;
• To establish Green Platform – environmental database to the Project Proponent and for filing compliances;
• States to start online submission of applications for TOR and EC before October 2015;
• Resolved that guidelines on sustainable sand mining and sustainable and environment friendly building norms be issued at the earliest;
• To adopt pollution criteria for categorisation of Red, Orange and Green categories of industries and that a Committee be constituted with State representatives;
• To give consent to operate with the validity period of five years in respect of Red categories, 10 years for Orange categories and one time consent for Green category;
• Make treatment of sewage and granting consents to the Municipal authorities mandatory under the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974;
• To revisit Standard treatment of sewage proposed by CPCB and secondary treated sewage be recycled and used for non-potable purposes; • Resolved that States that have not yet notified State specific Rules under Section 63 of the Biological Diversity Act will notify the same by December 2015 and States whose rules are not in consonance with the Act will amend the rules by December 2015;
• States will communicate their approval to the list of threatened species to the MoEF&CC by July 2015;
• States may develop year-wise five year plan by 15 May 2015 for setting up of BMCs at appropriate local level and for preparing PBRs by BMCs, giving priority to biodiversity rich areas;
• States will consider declaring at least one Biodiversity Heritage Site in 2015-16;
• States shall put in place a transparent and effective mechanism for access to biological resources in their jurisdiction as envisaged under Section 7 and recently issued ABS guidelines by June 2015;
• States shall prepare a shelf of projects immediately and will submit at least 1 project of upto Rs. 10 crore for National Adaptation Fund/National Clean Environment Fund and 1 project costing up to Rs. 30 crore for Adaptation Fund Board (AFB) within 30 days;
• States will prepare demonstration projects under Climate Change Action Programme (CCAP) during FY 2015-16 and will submit at least 1 project worth upto 10-25 million USD for submission to Green Climate Fund; • MoEF&CC has coordinated with various expert agencies and offered that the States could seek assistance from agencies like GIZ (Government of Germany), DFID (Government of UK), SDC (Government of Switzerland), UNDP, NABARD and other notified agencies for project preparation.
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Prophesied events during a Kali Yuga
Prophesied events during a Kali Yuga
A discourse by Markandeya in the Mahabharata identifies some of the attributes of Kali Yuga. In relation to rulers, it lists:- Rulers will become unreasonable: they will levy taxes unfairly.
- Rulers will no longer see it as their duty to promote spirituality, or to protect their subjects: they will become a danger to the world.
- People will start migrating, seeking countries where wheat and barley form the staple food source.
- "At the end of Kali-yuga, when there exist no topics on the subject of God, even at the residences of so-called saints and respectable gentlemen of the three higher varnas [guna or temperament] and when nothing is known of the techniques of sacrifice, even by word, at that time the Lord will appear as the supreme chastiser." (Srimad-Bhagavatam (2.7)
- Avarice and wrath will be common. Humans will openly display animosity towards each other. Ignorance of dharma will occur.
- People will have thoughts of murder with no justification and will see nothing wrong in that.
- Lust will be viewed as socially acceptable and sexual intercourse will be seen as the central requirement of life.
- Sin will increase exponentially, whilst virtue will fade and cease to flourish.
- People will take vows and break them soon after.
- People will become addicted to intoxicating drinks and drugs.
- Gurus will no longer be respected and their students will attempt to injure them. Their teachings will be insulted, and followers of Kama will wrest control of the mind from all human beings.
- Brahmans will not be learned or honored, Kshatriyas will not be brave, Vaishyas will not be just in their dealings.
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I am cordially attached with Ramakrishna Math, Lucknow sice 1998 to 2005 daily 3 hrs evening in this librarary
Ramakrishna Math, Lucknow
Ramakrishna Math
Nirala Nagar
Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226020
India
Phone : 0522-2787191 & 2787143
Telefax : 0522-2787168
Email : rkml@ramakrishnalucknow.org
Websites: www.ramakrishnalucknow.org, www.rkml.org
Institution(s):
Vivekananda Polyclinic and Institute of Medical Sciences
Phone: 237-1233 & 232-1277
Sub Centre(s)
Ramakrishna Mission Sevashrama
Vivekananda Puram, Chandganj, Uttar Pradesh 226007
Phone : 0522-2321277 & 2371233
Telefax : 0522-2329624
Email : rkmvplko@rediffmail.com,rkmvplko@gmail.com,rkml@ramakrishnalucknow.org
Website: www.ramakrishnalucknow.org
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The Mission centre was started in 1914 and taken over in 1925.
The Math centre was started in 1982.
Activities of the Math centre :
Activities of the Mission centre :
Educational
Library & Reading Room
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Medical
Eye Camp
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Hospital
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Mobile Dispensary
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Ramakrishna Math
Nirala Nagar
Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226020
India
Phone : 0522-2787191 & 2787143
Telefax : 0522-2787168
Email : rkml@ramakrishnalucknow.org
Websites: www.ramakrishnalucknow.org, www.rkml.org
Institution(s):
Vivekananda Polyclinic and Institute of Medical Sciences
Phone: 237-1233 & 232-1277
Sub Centre(s)
Ramakrishna Mission Sevashrama
Vivekananda Puram, Chandganj, Uttar Pradesh 226007
Phone : 0522-2321277 & 2371233
Telefax : 0522-2329624
Email : rkmvplko@rediffmail.com,rkmvplko@gmail.com,rkml@ramakrishnalucknow.org
Website: www.ramakrishnalucknow.org
The Mission centre was started in 1914 and taken over in 1925.
The Math centre was started in 1982.
Activities of the Math centre :
- A library with 42,465 books and 96 newspapers and periodicals.
- Daily worship and bhajans, fortnightly Ramnam and Shyamnam
Sankirtans, and weekly religious discourses and lectures.
- Celebration of the birthdays of Sri Ramakrishna, Holy Mother
Sri Sarada Devi, Swami Vivekananda and other religious
prophets, as also Durga Puja and other festivals.
- Various cultural programmes, and personality development and
yoga classes for students.
- A free coaching centre for 100 slum children.
- Welfare work by way of daily distribution of milk and tiffin to
100 poor children.
Activities of the Mission centre :
- A 350-bed hospital: The inpatient department treated 20,646cases this year. The outpatient department treated 13,43,188cases through its different sections such as general medicine,general and orthopaedic surgery, ENT, gynaecology, gastroenterology,dermatology, dentistry, ophthalmology, urology, oncology, ICU, CVTD,neonatal intensive care unit, neurosurgery, nephrology, pathology,radiology, blood bank, physiotherapy, psychiatry, TB, family planning,homeopathy, ayurveda, etc.
- The mobile medical unit which treated 63,831 cases during the year.
- Annual CME (Continuing Medical Education), occasionalcamps on dental checkup, vleft lip and vleft palate, arthritis andjoint replacement, kidney stones and urinary diseases, obesity andjoint replacement, kidney stones and urinary diseases, obesity andpain management, hepatitis B screening, cardiology; awarenessprogrammes on breast cancer, glaucoma and hysteria; yogaand Naturopathy camps, Paranic Healing camps etc.
- Welfare work by way of providing medical help, pecuniary
help etc.
- The college of nursing offering degree course in BSc Nursing
(Hons) had 136 students and the school of nursing offering
diploma course in GNM had 79 students.
- Courses in postgraduate DNB: Total 61 students in 12 disciplines.
A medical library was also maintained for the students.
Educational
Library & Reading Room
Eye Camp
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Local Weather Report and Forecast For: Kakinada Dated :Apr 19, 2015
Local Weather Report and Forecast For: Kakinada Dated :Apr 19, 2015
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| Today's Forecast:Sky Condition would be partly cloudy. Maximum and Minimum Temperatures would be around 36 and 26 Degrees Celsius respectively | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Actual | Average | Record | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Temperature | |||
| Mean Temperature | 30 °C | - | |
| Max Temperature | 36 °C | - | - () |
| Min Temperature | 25 °C | - | - () |
| Cooling Degree Days | 22 | ||
| Growing Degree Days | 37 (Base 50) | ||
| Moisture | |||
| Dew Point | 25 °C | ||
| Average Humidity | 69 | ||
| Maximum Humidity | 87 | ||
| Minimum Humidity | 52 | ||
| Precipitation | |||
| Precipitation | 0.0 mm | - | - () |
| Sea Level Pressure | |||
| Sea Level Pressure | 1008.62 hPa | ||
| Wind | |||
| Wind Speed | 1 km/h () | ||
| Max Wind Speed | 6 km/h | ||
| Max Gust Speed | - | ||
| Visibility | 7.0 kilometers | ||
| Events | |||
| T = Trace of Precipitation, MM = Missing Value | Source: Averaged Metar Reports |
Daily Weather History Graph
| Max | Avg | Min | Sum | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Temperature | ||||
| Max Temperature | 37 °C | 34 °C | 26 °C | |
| Mean Temperature | 32 °C | 30 °C | 27 °C | |
| Min Temperature | 27 °C | 25 °C | 24 °C | |
| Degree Days | ||||
| Heating Degree Days (base 65) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Cooling Degree Days (base 65) | 25 | 21 | 15 | 421 |
| Growing Degree Days (base 50) | 40 | 36 | 30 | 722 |
| Dew Point | ||||
| Dew Point | 27 °C | 24 °C | 20 °C | |
| Precipitation | ||||
| Precipitation | 3.0 mm | 0.3 mm | 0.0 mm | 6.30 mm |
| Snowdepth | - | - | - | - |
| Wind | ||||
| Wind | 9 km/h | 1 km/h | 0 km/h | |
| Gust Wind | - | - | - | |
| Sea Level Pressure | ||||
| Sea Level Pressure | 1015 hPa | 1010 hPa | 1002 hPa | |
Monthly Weather History Graph
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↧
World Environment Day celebrations have been hosted in the following cities
| World Environment Day celebrations have been hosted in the following cities | ||
| Year | Theme | Host city |
| 1974 | Only one Earth during Expo '74 | Spokane, United States |
| 1975 | Human Settlements | Dhaka, Bangladesh |
| 1976 | Water: Vital Resource for Life | Canada |
| 1977 | Ozone Layer Environmental Concern; Lands Loss and Soil Degradation | Sylhet, Bangladesh |
| 1978 | Development Without Destruction | Sylhet, Bangladesh |
| 1979 | Only One Future for Our Children – Development Without Destruction | Sylhet, Bangladesh |
| 1980 | A New Challenge for the New Decade: Development Without Destruction | Sylhet, Bangladesh |
| 1981 | Ground Water; Toxic Chemicals in Human Food Chains | Sylhet, Bangladesh |
| 1982 | Ten Years After Stockholm (Renewal of Environmental Concerns) | Dhaka, Bangladesh |
| 1983 | Managing and Disposing Hazardous Waste: Acid Rain and Energy | Sylhet, Bangladesh |
| 1984 | Desertification | Rajshahi, Bangladesh |
| 1985 | Youth: Population and the Environment | Pakistan |
| 1986 | A Tree for Peace | Ontario, Canada |
| 1987 | Environment and Shelter: More Than A Roof | Nairobi, Kenya |
| 1988 | When People Put the Environment First, Development Will Last | Bangkok, Thailand |
| 1989 | Global Warming; Global Warning | Brussels, Belgium |
| 1990 | Children and the Environment | Mexico City, Mexico |
| 1991 | Climate Change. Need for Global Partnership | Stockholm, Sweden |
| 1992 | Only One Earth, Care and Share | Rio de Janeiro, Brazil |
| 1993 | Poverty and the Environment – Breaking the Vicious Circle | Beijing, People's Republic of China |
| 1994 | One Earth One Family | London, United Kingdom |
| 1995 | We the Peoples: United for the Global Environment | Pretoria, South Africa |
| 1996 | Our Earth, Our Habitat, Our Home | Istanbul, Turkey |
| 1997 | For Life on Earth | Seoul, Republic of Korea |
| 1998 | For Life on Earth – Save Our Seas | Moscow, Russian Federation |
| 1999 | Our Earth – Our Future – Just Save It! | Tokyo, Japan |
| 2000 | The Environment Millennium – Time to Act | Adelaide, Australia |
| 2001 | Connect with the World Wide Web of Life | Torino, Italy and Havana, Cuba |
| 2002 | Give Earth a Chance | Shenzhen, People's Republic of China |
| 2003 | Water – Two Billion People are Dying for It! | Beirut, Lebanon |
| 2004 | Wanted! Seas and Oceans – Dead or Alive? | Barcelona, Spain |
| 2005 | Green Cities – Plan for the Planet! | San Francisco, United States |
| 2006 | Deserts and Desertification – Don't Desert Drylands! | Algiers, Algeria |
| 2007 | Melting Ice – a Hot Topic? | London, England |
| 2008 | Kick The Habit – Towards A Low Carbon Economy | Wellington, New Zealand |
| 2009 | Your Planet Needs You – Unite to Combat Climate Change | Mexico City, Mexico |
| 2010 | Many Species. One Planet. One Future | Rangpur, Bangladesh |
| 2011 | Forests: Nature at your Service | New Delhi, India |
| 2012 | Green Economy: Does it include you? | Brazil |
| 2013 | Think.Eat.Save. Reduce Your Foodprint | Mongolia |
| 2014 | Raise your voice, not the sea level | Lahore, Pakistan |
| 2015 | "Seven Billion Dreams. One Planet. Consume with Care." | Sylhet, Bangladesh |
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WISHING YOU ALL A VERY HAPPY EARTH DAY Mother Earth, or Mother Nature,
समुद्रवसनेदेविपर्वतस्तनमण्डले।विष्णुपत्निनमस्तुभ्यंपादस्पर्शंक्षमस्वमे॥Samudra-Vasane Devi Parvata-Stana-Mannddale |
Vissnnu-Patni Namas-Tubhyam Paada-Sparsham Kssamasva-Me ||
Meaning:
1: (Oh Mother Earth) The Devi Who is having Ocean as Her Garments and Mountains as Her Bosom,
2: Who is the Consort of Sri Vishnu, I Bow to You; Please Forgive me for Touching You with my Feet.
image via lierne, Bhudevi at the Norton Simon Museum
Mother Earth, or Mother Nature, seems to be a universal metaphorical figure. The Greeks called her Gaia and the Romans called her Terra Mater. In Hinduism, we call her Maata Bhoomi, or Bhudevi.The Puranas describe her as the divine consort of Varaha – Lord Vishnu’s 3rd Avatar – and she is also believed to be one of the two forms of Goddess Lakshmi (the other is Sridevi). In fact, in many South Indian Vishnu temples, Lord Vishnu’s statue is flanked by both Bhudevi and Sridevi. Bhudevi is also considered the mother of Sita. She is often pictured with dark (and sometimes green) skin, and with either 2 or 4 arms.
Bhudevi’s Vedic precursor – Prithvi Mata (Sanskrit for Earth Mother) – seems to have been one of the oldest Aryan deities. Vedic texts cited Prithvi Mata as a symbol of fertility, and considered her the source of all vegetation and other bounties of the Earth.
It’s no wonder then that Hindus begin each day with a prayer to Mother Earth – a Morning Shloka that is to be recited before you put your feet on the ground (audio here):
Samudra Vasane Devi,
Parvatah Stana Mandale.
Vishnupatni Namastubhyam,
Paada-Sparsham Kshamasva Me.
O! Mother Earth, who has the ocean as clothes and mountains and forests on her body, who is the wife of Lord Vishnu, I bow to you. Please forgive me for touching you with my feet.
Beautiful, no? Perhaps you can start a new ritual this Earth Day and have the kids recite this shloka – an homage to Bhudevi – because, really, every day is Earth Day!
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KAKINADA WEATHER REPORT OF 21 APRIL 2015
https://www.google.co.in/webhp?tab=mw&ei=MFzwVIzgFc61sATSgIKQCA&ved=0CAUQqS4oAg#q=AUDIT+DR+AMAR+NATH+GIRI++EHSQ
21 APRIL
![Daily Weather History Graph]()
TODAY PREDICTION
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![Monthly Weather History Graph]()
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21 APRIL
| Actual | Average | Record | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Temperature | |||
| Mean Temperature | 32 °C | - | |
| Max Temperature | 38 °C | - | - () |
| Min Temperature | 26 °C | - | - () |
| Cooling Degree Days | 24 | ||
| Growing Degree Days | 40 (Base 50) | ||
| Moisture | |||
| Dew Point | 25 °C | ||
| Average Humidity | 70 | ||
| Maximum Humidity | 91 | ||
| Minimum Humidity | 36 | ||
| Precipitation | |||
| Precipitation | 0.0 mm | - | - () |
| Sea Level Pressure | |||
| Sea Level Pressure | 1009.62 hPa | ||
| Wind | |||
| Wind Speed | 2 km/h () | ||
| Max Wind Speed | 7 km/h | ||
| Max Gust Speed | - | ||
| Visibility | 7.0 kilometers | ||
| Events | |||
| T = Trace of Precipitation, MM = Missing Value | Source: Averaged Metar Reports |
Daily Weather History Graph
MONTHLY
Max | Avg | Min | Sum | |
Temperature | ||||
Max Temperature | 38 °C | 35 °C | 28 °C | |
Mean Temperature | 32 °C | 30 °C | 28 °C | |
Min Temperature | 28 °C | 25 °C | 24 °C | |
Degree Days | ||||
Heating Degree Days (base 65) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Cooling Degree Days (base 65) | 25 | 21 | 16 | 469 |
Growing Degree Days (base 50) | 40 | 36 | 32 | 802 |
Dew Point | ||||
Dew Point | 27 °C | 25 °C | 20 °C | |
Precipitation | ||||
Precipitation | 3.0 mm | 0.3 mm | 0.0 mm | 6.30 mm |
Snowdepth | - | - | - | - |
Wind | ||||
Wind | 9 km/h | 1 km/h | 0 km/h | |
Gust Wind | - | - | - | |
Sea Level Pressure | ||||
Sea Level Pressure | 1015 hPa | 1010 hPa | 1002 hPa | |
Monthly Weather History Graph
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