Shri Narendra Modi takes oath as Prime Minister of India at Rashtrapati Bhavan

As individual national economies gradually merge into broader regional economies, a trend toward increasing globalization currently prevails.
This increasing movement toward larger and larger trade blocs is especially notable in regions such as Europe, Asia and the Americas.
As a result, many people are left wondering how they can make money in globalization and profit from this ongoing evolution towards a truly global marketplace.

Accessing a Global Market for Products and Services

One of the greatest benefits of globalization is that businesses and individuals can now tap into the worldwide market for goods and services that has been gradually building on the Internet since the early 1990’s.
Having easy access to this much greater Internet marketplace helps increase competition and lower prices.  It also permits businesses offering a niche product to reach a much wider audience than would ordinarily be available in their physical locale.

Exploiting Import/Export Opportunities

People and companies participating in the import/export business have for many years attempted to profit by purchasing cheap goods in one country and then selling them at higher prices in another country.
The trend toward globalization accelerates the awareness of prices in foreign markets. As a result, the chances of identifying profitable import/export opportunities also tend to increase.

Outsourcing to Lower Cost Labor Pools

Another way to make money in globalization involves exploiting the disparities among the costs associated with using similarly skilled labor pools located in different countries.
For example, a U.S. based computer software company might outsource some of its programming requirements to coders based in India, where labor prices tend to be lower.
Furthermore, outsourcing manufacturing or customer service activities to low cost foreign labor pools has also become an increasingly popular way to save or make money in globalization.  This trend looks likely to continue until the net cost advantages of using foreign labor no long exist.

Investment trick

The past few months have witnessed several key moments in the debate over environment and justice. These include resignation of Union environment minister Jayanthi Natarajan, cancellation of Vedanta’s environmental clearance for mining in Niyamgiri and the go-ahead to POSCO for mining in the Kandadhar hills. One such development was a statement by the Supreme Court regarding the allocation of coal mines. The court on January 8 asked the government not to use investments made in mining as a trump card for allowing projects in ecologically important areas. While this appears to be common sense, the statement is important in the current process of reaching an environmental verdict.
Till date in almost all cases where people have raised environmental and livelihood concerns about partially completed projects, the authorities have issued clearances based on the argument that the invested amount will go waste if the project is not continued. In economic terms, such an argument is called “sunk cost fallacy”. Failing to consider the investment as cost that is already “sunk” has been the deciding factor in settling several environmental cases. This is because, by the time courts hear the matter, industrial operations would have been kicked off using environmental and forest clearances by the state or Union ministries. Thus, a delay in addressing issues on ground, which is deliberate in most cases, allows “sunk cost fallacy” to influence decision making.
Our research in Naupada wetlands of Srikakulam district, Andhra Pradesh, gave us a firsthand understanding of the issue. A coal-based thermal power plant is being constructed in the Kakarapalli swamp that is part of the much larger Naupada wetlands. The swamp is an important feeding area for migrant birds from Europe and Central Asia. It also functions as a flood cushion for agricultural fields in surrounding areas by absorbing seasonal surges from the streams originating in the Eastern Ghats. But ever since construction work has started in Kakarapalli, agricultural fields are increasingly being flooded. Filling and elevation of the wetland has altered its natural flood management system. In addition to agricultural losses to thousands of farmers, many fisherfolk have lost their livelihood.
Environmental clearance to proposed Sompeta power plant was cancelled only after three protesters died in police firing
The Expert Appraisal Committee of the Union Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF), which recommends projects for environmental clearance, gave its nod for setting up the thermal power plant in Kakarapalli despite recognising the ecological importance of the region. The clearance was challenged in the National Environmental Appellate Authority (NEAA). It confirmed that the area is a wetland of prime ecological significance, but allowed the project to continue.
After listing out expenditures by the company for works, such as de-silting of streams, NEAA called for “an exercise of balance of conservation and development”, and opined that asking the proponent to leave “at this stage” would serve no public interest and would set back all development activities initiated. Its order further states that the problem of flooding has already been addressed through de-silting of streams and construction of a drainage canal that short-circuits the reclaimed construction site. However, the fact is the de-silted drains and canal protect the construction site from floodwater, not the surrounding agricultural land. Farmers say flooding has only intensified since the de-silting and canal construction works began, as it led to further elevation of the swamp. The impacts were severe last year during the cyclones of Phialin and Helen.
The NEAA order also mentions that the company has agreed to compensate Rs 1.14 crore to the fishing co-operative society of Kakarapalli. But the fisherfolk chose not to accept the compensation. The fisherfolk have joined the farmers and civil society activists of the region and are protesting the power plant in its current location.
Unlike the Kakarapalli case, NEAA had cancelled the environmental clearance for a thermal power plant proposed in Sompeta in Srikakulam, stating that the project would have serious ecological impacts on the wetland ecosystem. Unfortunately, the cancellation came only after three people lost their lives as the police opened fire at protesters. The different approach is also because of an important difference between the projects—in Kakarapalli the company had started work on the project while construction had not begun in Sompeta. Hence, despite acknowledging the impacts of the thermal power plant on the environment and marginalised communities in Kakarapalli, its sunk cost fallacy became the primary criteria for allowing the project to continue.
Government acknowledged that the thermal power plant near Kakarapalli village in Andhra Pradesh is located on wetlands, but still allowed its construction (Photo: Richard Mahapatra)
To allow companies carry out their work despite ecological and social losses only based on the argument that they have spent a lot of money goes against conventional wisdom. Such instances are not rare.
In the sal forests of Mahan, Madhya Pradesh, a captive coal block had been proposed. Construction work on the mine had begun much before the project received in-principle approval in October 2012. Similar is the case of the coal block in Chatrasal forest which was granted in-principle approval in November 2012. Both the forests form the catchment of the Mahan river and are home to several endangered wildlife species. Despite opposition from MoEF over the approval of these projects, the Union finance and coal ministries were ready with their classic response that investments have already been made and hence the final approval should be granted.
The Supreme Court’s statement on January 8 was refreshing in such political and legal context. It has the potential to give a new direction to the many conflicts across the country, such as the Kakarapalli case that is pending before the Chennai bench of the National Green Tribunal.
However on April 21, the court lifted the 2012 ban on mining in Goa claiming that people have already taken loans on investments such as lorries. This is distressing. Despite the clear statement by the Supreme Court, the “sunk cost fallacy” may continue to be the basis on which environmental decisions are made.
The authors are with Ashoka trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment (ATREE), Bengaluru

Press Trust of India  |  New Delhi
June 3, 2014 Last Updated at 21:23 IST

Every nine of 10 Indians in eight cities felt that climage change was occuring, average temperatures had risen and rainfall levels had gone down over time, a study said.

Moreover, around 86 per cent of respondents felt that polythene bags should be banned, while 80 per cent of them were aware of the problem of e-waste, and most respondents either repaired or re-used electronic goods, the study by The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI) said.

Over 70 per cent of respondents were aware of water being subsidised. Of those who were aware, over half felt that water should be charged as per usage, while 35 per cent were against it, it added.

The Environmental Survey 2014 was initiated to gauge the perception, awareness, opinion and behaviour of people towards environment in India. The survey covered Delhi, Mumbai, Coimbatore, Guwahati, Indore, Jamshedpur, Kanpur and Pune.

"A majority of the respondents (90 per cent) across cities felt that global warming was occurring. Out of those felt that temperature had increased, while rainfall had decreased over time."

In Indore, Jamshedpur, Coimbatore, Pune, Delhi, and Mumbai, most respondents felt that the number of windy days had shown a decreasing pattern, while in Kanpur and Guwahati most felt that the pattern had become more extreme, it said.

On the whole, a large majority felt that air quality had worsened and the number of bird species had declined in their cities. However, a majority of people felt that drinking water availability and quality as well as waste management in their cities had improved, it added.

"This time, we have focused on cities which normally don't get the kind of attention they deserve. If we want to bring about improvement in environmental quality, then the foundation on which any such effort would rest, would be on the awareness of the public," TERI Director General R K Pachauri said in a statement.

On government's environment related policies, the survey said, "By and large, people were aware of the policies but were concerned about their adequacy and level of implementation."

In Jamshedpur, the majority felt that there were no policies for air pollution and over 20 per cent of respondents felt that there were no policies to address water conservation and pollution, waste management, and climate change.

The survey said over 90 per cent felt that the quality of the environment had an immediate impact on health. Close to 40 per cent of the respondents felt that environment and development went hand in hand.

"More than 30 per cent respondents opined that the government should prioritize environment over development.
 http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/90-people-in-8-cities-feel-climate-change-occuring-study-114060301842_1.html

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Year	Theme	Host city
1974	Only one Earth during Expo '74	Spokane, United States
1975	Human Settlements
1976	Water: Vital Resource for Life
1977	Ozone Layer Environmental Concern; Lands Loss and Soil Degradation
1978	Development Without Destruction
1979	Only One Future for Our Children – Development Without Destruction
1980	A New Challenge for the New Decade: Development Without Destruction
1981	Ground Water; Toxic Chemicals in Human Food Chains
1982	Ten Years After Stockholm (Renewal of Environmental Concerns)
1983	Managing and Disposing Hazardous Waste: Acid Rain and Energy
1984	Desertification
1985	Youth: Population and the Environment
1986	A Tree for Peace
1987	Environment and Shelter: More Than A Roof	Nairobi, Kenya
1988	When People Put the Environment First, Development Will Last	Bangkok, Thailand
1989	Global Warming; Global Warning	Brussels, Belgium
1990	Children and the Environment	Mexico City, Mexico
1991	Climate Change. Need for Global Partnership	Stockholm, Sweden
1992	Only One Earth, Care and Share	Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
1993	Poverty and the Environment – Breaking the Vicious Circle	Beijing, People's Republic of China
1994	One Earth One Family	London, United Kingdom
1995	We the Peoples: United for the Global Environment	Pretoria, South Africa
1996	Our Earth, Our Habitat, Our Home	Istanbul, Turkey
1997	For Life on Earth	Seoul, Republic of Korea
1998	For Life on Earth – Save Our Seas	Moscow, Russian Federation
1999	Our Earth – Our Future – Just Save It!	Tokyo, Japan
2000	The Environment Millennium – Time to Act	Adelaide, Australia
2001	Connect with the World Wide Web of Life	Torino, Italy and Havana, Cuba
2002	Give Earth a Chance	Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
2003	Water – Two Billion People are Dying for It!	Beirut, Lebanon
2004	Wanted! Seas and Oceans – Dead or Alive?	Barcelona, Spain
2005	Green Cities – Plan for the Planet!	San Francisco, United States
2006	Deserts and Desertification – Don't Desert Drylands!	Algiers, Algeria
2007	Melting Ice – a Hot Topic?	Tromsø, Norway
2008	Kick The Habit – Towards A Low Carbon Economy	Wellington, New Zealand
2009	Your Planet Needs You – UNite to Combat Climate Change	Mexico City, Mexico
2010	Many Species. One Planet. One Future	Kigali, Rwanda
2011	Forests: Nature at your Service	New Delhi, India
2012	Green Economy: Does it include you?	Brazil
2013	Think.Eat.Save. Reduce Your Foodprint	Mongolia
2014	Raise your voice, not the sea level	Barbados

TOP 10 COUNTRIES VIEWERS

United States	246232
India	66894
United Kingdom	6852
South Korea	5004
Canada	3306
Germany	3021
Malaysia	2771
Russia	2718
France	2684
Philippines	2424

"Southwest monsoon has set in over Kerala today, dated June 6th. It has further advanced into most parts of south Arabian sea, Kerala and some parts of Tamil Nadu," said LS Rathore, director general of meteorology, India Meteorological Department.
The Maldives- Comorin areas, most parts of southwest Bay of Bengal and some parts of west central Bay of Bengal have also been covered by the monsoon. Rathore added, "We see a steady progress of monsoon in coastal parts and even northeastern states. The scenario does not look the same for central India."
In the next 24 hours, isolated heavy rainfall are expected to occur over sub-Himalayan West Bengal, Assam, Meghalaya, Arunachal Pradesh, Kerala and Lakshadweep. As per IMD, conditions were becoming favourable for further advance of monsoon into south and central Arabian sea, some parts of south Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Bay of Bengal during next 2-3 days.
In the next 48 hours, the monsoon is expected to hit parts of north eastern states, where pre-monsoon rains have picked up. The southwest monsoon normally arrives in Kerala around June 1. It usually advances northwards in surges and covers the entire country by July 15.
Meteorologists state that it was unlikely that monsoon would cover the entire country by mid July. As per the met department forecast in April, the monsoon rainfall was likely to be 95 per cent of long period average (LPA) for the period June to September with average rainfall over India for June to September to be 89 cm.
Policy-makers have been waiting for the monsoon as much as the farmers this time round owing to forecasts that the June-September southwest monsoon - which is vital for about 60 per cent of India's farmland, mostly paddy - could be undermined by the warming of the southern Pacific Ocean, known as the El Nino effect.
The last few droughts in India (in 2002, 2004 and 2009) coincided with El Nino, particularly in 2009, when food inflation shot up to 20 per cent and has remained high since. Dealing with a below-average monsoon in the kharif cropping season will be top of the agenda for the Narendra Modi-led government at the Centre.
Earlier this month, the IMD had forecast that the monsoon would arrive in Kerala on June 5, with a model error of plus or minus four days. The onset date last year was June 1 and in 2012 it was June 5.
Farming accounts for 14 per cent of the nearly $2 trillion Indian economy but it has a much larger direct or indirect impact on the well-being of people, particularly in rural areas.
Good rainfall boosts output and incomes in rural areas, which increases demand for gold, consumer goods, farm implements and automobiles. The agriculture ministry is already working overtime to prepare contingency plans and is encouraging states to be ready to adjust cropping patterns and choice of seeds depending on the availability of water. Indian farmers still have 15-30 days to plan for the sowing of kharif crops, largely paddy, soyabean, cotton, pulses and coarse cereals.

ADDRESS BY THE PRESIDENT OF INDIA, SHRI PRANAB MUKHERJEE TO PARLIAMENT
New Delhi: 09-06-2014
Honourable Members
I am delighted to address this first session of both Houses of Parliament after the elections to the 16th Lok Sabha. Let me begin by extending warm greetings to my fellow citizens, who participated in large numbers in the recently concluded Lok Sabha elections. We should never forget that we are here because of them. Serving them should be our first priority. I also felicitate the members of the new Lok Sabha. You have successfully obtained the mandate from the electorate and now you represent their hopes, aspirations and dreams. I extend a warm welcome to all of you and hope that the sessions ahead with heavy legislative agenda will be productive and useful.
2. It is a matter of great satisfaction that the recent general elections were smooth and largely peaceful. I would like to congratulate the Election Commission of India and the official machinery for conducting these elections successfully. The unprecedented interest shown by the people of India in the elections is a sign of progressive deepening of our vibrant democracy. Before I dwell upon the tasks ahead of us, I would like to express my solidarity with the families of all those who lost their lives during the election process.
3. I congratulate the new Speaker of the Lok Sabha on her unanimous election to this august office. By successively electing women Speakers, the Lok Sabha has re-affirmed our age-old belief in the importance of women in our society.
Honourable Members
4. This has been an election of Hope. It marks a turning point in the evolution of our democratic polity. The surge in aspirations and the belief that these could be realized through democratic processes, has been amply reflected in the record 66.4% participation by voters, and a clear verdict in favour of a single political party after a gap of nearly 30 years. The electorate transcended the boundaries of caste, creed, region and religion to come together and vote decisively in favour of Development through Good Governance.
5. The country needed a strong and stable government that could provide effective leadership. In my Republic Day speech earlier this year, I had hoped for 2014 to be a year of healing after the fractured and contentious politics of the previous years. Standing here today, I applaud the wisdom of my fellow citizens for having voted for stability, honesty and development in a resurgent India in which corruption will have no place. They have voted for a united, strong, and modern India - “Ek Bharat - Shreshtha Bharat”. My government will work to fulfill these aspirations; with the involvement of all the 125 crore people of this great country.
6. My government is committed to nurturing the right environment for actualizing this mandate of the people. For this, it pledges itself to the principle of ‘Sabka Saath, Sabka Vikas’; which can be fulfilled only through your active participation. We will work together to re-establish the credibility of the institutions of democracy. My government will function on the mantra of ‘Minimum Government, Maximum Governance’. In all our actions, we will be guided by the core values of our great civilization.
Honourable Members
7. My Government is dedicated to the poor. Poverty has no religion, hunger has no creed, and despair has no geography. The greatest challenge before us is to end the curse of poverty in India. My government will not be satisfied with mere “poverty alleviation”; and commits itself to the goal of “poverty elimination”. With a firm belief that the first claim on development belongs to the poor; the government will focus its attention on those who need the basic necessities of life most urgently. It will take necessary steps to provide security in its entirety to all citizens; through empathy, support and empowerment.
8. Containing food inflation will be the topmost priority for my government. There would be an emphasis on improving the supply side of various agro and agro-based products. My government will take effective steps to prevent hoarding and black marketing. It will reform the Public Distribution System, incorporating best practices from the States. My government is alert about the possibility of a subnormal monsoon this year and contingency plans are being prepared.
9. Despite more than two-thirds of our people living in rural areas; we have not been able to provide adequate public amenities and livelihood opportunities to them. My government is committed to improving the quality of life in our villages, through empowered Panchayati Raj institutions. A substantial part of investment will focus on creating community assets and improving basic infrastructure such as roads, shelter, power and drinking water. My government will strive to end the rural-urban divide guided by the idea of Rurban; providing urban amenities to rural areas while preserving the ethos of the villages.
10. Agriculture is the source of livelihood for majority of our people. In the recent past, our farmers have been under severe stress with hopelessness driving some of them to suicides. My government is committed to reversing this unfortunate trend. It will increase investment in agriculture, both public and private, especially in Agri-infrastructure. Steps will be taken to convert farming into a profitable venture through scientific practices and Agro-technology. My government will address issues pertaining to pricing and procurement of agricultural produce, crop insurance and post-harvest management. Productivity of Animal Husbandry will be increased. My government will incentivize the setting up of food processing industries. Existing cooperative sector laws will be reviewed to remove anomalies and lacunae. My government will adopt a National Land Use Policy which will facilitate scientific identification of non-cultivable land and its strategic development.
11. Each drop of water is precious. My government is committed to giving high priority to water security. It will complete the long pending irrigation projects on priority and launch the ‘Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana’ with the motto of ‘Har Khet Ko Paani’. There is a need for seriously considering all options including linking of rivers, where feasible; for ensuring optimal use of our water resources to prevent the recurrence of floods and drought. By harnessing rain water through ‘Jal Sanchay’ and ‘Jal Sinchan’, we will nurture water conservation and ground water recharge. Micro irrigation will be popularised to ensure ‘Per drop-More crop’.
Honourable Members
12. India is the world’s oldest civilization. Today it is also a country with the largest population of the youth. We must equip and nurture our youth with the right kind of education, skill-set and opportunity to reap this demographic dividend. My government will strive to transition from Youth Development to Youth-led Development. It will set up Massive Open Online Courses and virtual classrooms. It will formulate a National Education Policy aimed at meeting the challenges posed by lack of quality, research and innovation in our educational institutions. We will set up IITs and IIMs in every state. In order to empower school teachers and students, a national e-library will be established. With the motto of “Har Haath Ko Hunar”, my government will strive to break the barriers between formal education and skill development, and put in place a mechanism to give academic equivalence to vocational qualifications. With the goal of Skilled India, my government will also launch a National Multi-skill Mission.
13. The children and youth of the country need avenues of recreation that develop them constructively and keep them fit. My government will launch a ‘National Sports Talent Search System’. It will facilitate development and promotion of Indian sports, particularly rural sports. Sports will be popularised by making it an integral part of the school curriculum and providing educational incentives.
14. Our country needs a holistic health care system that is universally accessible, affordable and effective. To achieve this objective, my government will formulate a New Health Policy and roll out a National Health Assurance Mission. It will promote Yoga and AYUSH. To address the shortfall of health care professionals, health education and training will be transformed. AIIMS like institutes will be established in every State in a phased manner.
15. We must not tolerate the indignity of homes without toilets and public spaces littered with garbage. For ensuring hygiene, waste management and sanitation across the nation a “Swachh Bharat Mission” will be launched. This will be our tribute to Mahatma Gandhi on his 150th birth anniversary to be celebrated in the year 2019.
16. Keeping in mind welfare of the people belonging to the Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, Other Backward Classes and the weaker sections of our society; my government will take steps to create an enabling eco-system of equal opportunity in education, health and livelihood. My Government is committed to see that those belonging to the Scheduled Castes and Other Backward Classes are able to avail emerging opportunities. For the Scheduled Tribes, my government will launch a dedicated “Van Bandhu Kalyan Yojana”. Electrification of tribal hamlets and connecting them with all-weather roads will be a priority area.
17. It is unfortunate that even after several decades of independence, sections of minority communities continue to suffer from poverty, as benefits of government schemes do not reach them. My government is committed to making all minorities equal partners in India’s progress. The government will especially strengthen measures to spread modern and technical education among minority communities and a National Madarsa Modernization Programme will be initiated.
18. The welfare and rehabilitation of specially-abled people is
integral to my government’s vision of a caring society. It will take steps to provide dignity of life to them by facilitating their participation in all walks of life. Steps will be taken to identify their special needs and to provide institutional care to them.
19. My government recognizes the important role our women play in the development of our society and growth of the nation. It is committed to providing 33 per cent reservation to them in the Parliament and State Legislative Assemblies. With a commitment of “Beti Bachao - Beti Padhao”, my government will launch a mass campaign for saving the girl child and enabling her education. It will structure a comprehensive scheme, incorporating best practices from States in this regard. In the recent past, the country has witnessed some grue some incidents of violence against women. The government will have a policy of zero tolerance for violence against women, and will strengthen the criminal justice system for its effective implementation.
Honourable Members
20. India is a federal polity. But, over the years, the federal spirit has been diluted. The States and the Centre should function as an organic Team India. In order to actively engage with the States on national issues, my government will reinvigorate fora like the National Development Council and the Inter-State Council. The Centre will be an enabler in the rapid progress of States through Cooperative Federalism. State-specific development models will be developed taking into account the special needs and unique problems of Coastal, Hilly and Desert areas. Highest priority will be accorded to bring eastern region of the country on par with western region in terms of physical and social infrastructure. My government is committed to addressing the issues relating to development of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana. The government will lay special emphasis on improving the intra-region connectivity and border infrastructure in the Northeast as well as in Jammu & Kashmir. The issue of infiltration and illegal immigrants in the Northeast region will be tackled on priority and all pending fencing work along the Northeast border will be completed. Special efforts will be made to ensure that Kashmiri Pandits return to the land of their ancestors with full dignity, security and assured livelihood.
21. My government is committed to providing a clean and efficient administration focussed on delivery. The institution of Lok Pal is important to curb corruption and my government will endeavour to formulate rules in conformity with the Act. My government will take steps to build the confidence and morale of our bureaucracy; enabling it with the freedom to work, and welcoming innovative ideas. The government will stress on putting in place transparent systems and timebound delivery of government services. Government systems and processes will be revisited to make them citizen friendly, corruption free and accountable. Efforts will be made to eliminate obsolete laws, regulations, administrative structures and practices. Rationalization and convergence among Ministries, Departments and other arms of the government will be ensured to have focussed delivery. Digitization of government records will be done for improving accessibility.
22. E-governance brings empowerment, equity and efficiency. It has the power to transform peoples’ lives. The backbone of my government’s new ways of working will be a Digital India. IT will be used to drive re-engineering of government processes to improve service delivery and programme implementation. We will strive to provide Wi-Fi zones in critical public areas in the next five years. My government will rollout broad band highway to reach every village and make all schools e-enabled in a phased manner. Technology will be used to prepare our children for a knowledge society. The National e-governance plan will be expanded to cover every government office from the centre to the Panchayat; to provide a wide variety of services to citizens. Emerging technologies like Social Media will be used as a tool for; participative governance, directly engaging the people in policy making and administration.
23. My government is determined to rid the country of the scourge of corruption and the menace of black money. As a first step in this direction, the government has already constituted a SIT to unearth black money stashed abroad. This will be followed up vigorously by proactively engaging with foreign governments.
24. Keeping in mind that justice delayed is justice denied, my government will adopt a multi-pronged approach to address the problem of high pendency of cases in our judicial system. It will progressively modernize the courts to improve their operational efficiency, and start reform of the criminal justice system to make dispensation of justice simpler, quicker and more effective. It will initiate a mission mode project for filling vacancies in the judiciary and for doubling the number of courts and judges in the subordinate judiciary in a phased manner. The government will give special emphasis to the development of Alternate Dispute Resolution mechanisms.
Honourable Members
25. On the economic front, we are passing through an extremely difficult phase. For two consecutive years, our GDP growth has been less than 5 per cent. Tax collection has declined. Inflation continues to be at an unacceptable level. Thus, putting the Indian economy back on track is paramount for my government. We will work together to usher our economy into a high growth path, rein in inflation, reignite the investment cycle, accelerate job creation and restore the confidence of the domestic as well as international community in our economy.
26. My government will create a policy environment which is predictable, transparent and fair. It will embark on rationalisation and simplification of the tax regime to make it non-adversarial and conducive to investment, enterprise and growth. My government will make every effort to introduce the GST while addressing the concerns of States. Reforms will be undertaken to enhance the ease of doing business. My government will follow a policy of encouraging investments, including through FDI; which will be allowed in sectors that help create jobs and assets.
27. For rapid creation of jobs in the manufacturing sector, the government will strategically promote labour-intensive manufacturing. Employment opportunities will also be expanded by promoting tourism and agro-based industries. My government will transform Employment Exchanges into Career Centres - connecting our youth with job opportunities in a transparent and effective manner through the use of technology as well as through counselling and training. The government will strengthen the pension and health insurance safety nets for labour force of all categories and would provide them access to modern financial services.
28. We need to transform ourselves into a globally competitive manufacturing hub powered by Skill, Scale and Speed. To this end, the government will set up world class investment and industrial regions, particularly along the Dedicated Freight Corridors and Industrial Corridors spanning the country. My Government will encourage the domestic industry to innovate and collaborate internationally. It will strive to move towards a single-window system of clearances both at the Centre and at the States through a hub-spoke model.
29. To strengthen our share in global trade, procedures will be simplified and trade infrastructure strengthened so as to reduce transaction time and costs. The SSI and Handicraft sectors will be encouraged by providing them enhanced technological, marketing and investment support. Export potential of this sector will be encouraged. My government will make every effort to improve the working conditions of our weavers in particular. It will also set up a task force to review and revive our MSME sector.
Honourable Members
30. Lack of robust infrastructure is one of India’s major impediments. The government will chalk out an ambitious infrastructure development programme to be implemented in the next 10 years. A fast-track, investment friendly and predictable PPP mechanism will be put in place. Modernization and revamping of Railways is on top of the infrastructure agenda. My government will launch a Diamond Quadrilateral project of high speed trains. The country will have a network of freight corridors with specialised Agri-Rail networks for perishable agricultural products. Investment in railways will be increased using innovative financing methods. Expansion of railways in Hilly States and Northeast region and modernization of rail safety systems will be prime focus areas. We will encourage R&D and high level local manufacturing for railway systems. A fast, time-bound and well monitored programme for execution of the National Highways programme will be initiated, to overcome the stagnancy of the past few years. Low cost airports will be developed to promote air connectivity to smaller towns. The government will evolve a model of Port-led development. Our long coastline will become the gateway for India’s prosperity. My government will facilitate modernization of existing ports on one hand, and development of new world class ports on the other. Stringing together the Sagar Mala project we will connect the ports with the hinterland through road and rail. Inland and coastal waterways will be developed as major transport routes.
31. My government will come out with a comprehensive National Energy Policy and focus on development of energy related infrastructure, human resource and technology. The aim of the government will be to substantially augment electricity generation capacity through judicious mix of conventional and non-conventional sources. It will expand the national solar mission and connect households and industries with gas-grids. Reforms in the coal sector will be pursued with urgency for attracting private investment in a transparent manner. The international civil nuclear agreements will be operationalized and nuclear power projects for civilian purposes will be developed.
32. My government is conscious of the fact that our urban infrastructure is under severe stress. Soon, 50 per cent of our population would be residing in urban areas. Taking urbanization as an opportunity rather than a challenge, the government will build 100 Cities focussed on specialized domains and equipped with world class amenities. Integrated infrastructure will be rolled out in model towns to focus on cleanliness and sanitation. By the time the nation completes 75 years of its Independence, every family will have a pucca house with water connection, toilet facilities, 24x7 electricity supply and access.
Honourable Members
33. While putting the country on a high growth path, my government will keep sustainability at the core of our planning process. My government strongly believes that environmental conservation can go hand in hand with development. To achieve this, environment and forest clearance systems will be made more predictable, transparent and time-bound. Simultaneously, an effective system will be developed for sound appraisal processes and strict compliance of clearance conditions, especially those relating to rehabilitation of displaced communities and regeneration of forests. Cleaner fuels will be promoted to bring down pollution levels in our cities. The government will earnestly take up mitigation works to meet the challenges posed by climate change and will closely work with the global community in this regard. Conservation of Himalayan ecology will be a priority area for my government. A National Mission on Himalayas will be launched.
34. In the recent past, serious concerns have been expressed regarding use of discretionary powers in allocation of our precious natural resources. The government will formulate clear and transparent policies on allocation of critical natural resources such as coal, minerals and spectrum.
35. River Ganga is a part of our rich cultural heritage, a symbol of faith and the lifeline for millions. However, Ganga continues to remain polluted with many stretches of the river becoming dry in lean season. My government will take all necessary steps to ensure a perennial, clean and pristine Ganga.
36. Our rich cultural heritage is the very foundation on which rests the unity of our diverse nation. Indian languages are repositories of our rich literature, history, culture, art and other achievements. My government will launch a national mission “e-Bhasha” that will develop digital vernacular content and disseminate our classic literature in different languages. My government will also provide the required resources for the maintenance and restoration of national heritage sites.
37. India has a vast untapped potential for tourism which can play a special role in our socio-economic progress. The government will initiate a mission mode project to create 50 tourist circuits that are built around specific themes. With a view to encouraging pilgrimage tourism, a National Mission for beautifying and improving the amenities and infrastructure at pilgrimage centres of all faiths will be launched.
38. My government recognises the central role of Science and Technology in raising the quality of life. It will encourage and incentivise private sector investments, both domestic and foreign, in science and technology and in high-end research aimed at nurturing innovation. My government will build world class research centres in the fields of nanotechnology, material sciences, thorium technology, brain research, stem cells, etc. The government will also establish institutes of Technology for Rural Development and a Central University of Himalayan Studies.
Honourable Members
39. The government will maintain utmost vigil in the area of internal security. A policy of zero tolerance towards terrorism, extremism, riots and crime will be pursued. The States will be assisted for modernizing police infrastructure and equipment to tackle new forms of terrorism including narco terrorism and cyber threats. A national plan will be chalked out in consultation with the state governments to effectively curb incidents of communal violence and the challenges posed by left wing extremism. My government will take steps to equip the security forces with the latest technology and to improve their working conditions.
40. My Government will carry out reforms in defence procurement to increase efficiency and economy. It will encourage domestic industry, including the private sector; to have a larger share in design and production of defence equipment. We will introduce policies to strengthen technology transfer, including through liberalised FDI in defence production. With readily available skilled human resource, India can emerge as a global platform for defence manufacturing including software, which will strengthen our defence and spur industrial development as well as exports.
41. The country is proud of its Armed Forces. They serve the nation with professionalism, dedication and valour; securing our nation and supporting relief and rescue operations in the wake of disasters and calamities. We will strengthen defence preparedness by modernising our Armed Forces and addressing the shortage of manpower on priority. Recognising the importance of coastal security, my government will set up a National Maritime Authority.
42. My government will do everything to repay the debt of our brave and selfless soldiers. It will appoint a Veterans Commission to address their grievances, so that they know that we don’t stop caring for them when they retire from active service. The government will build a National War Memorial to honour the gallantry of our soldiers. One Rank, One Pension scheme will be implemented.
Honourable Members
43. India’s foreign policy, with its civilizational roots and heritage, is based on the principles of developing peaceful and friendly relations with all countries. We will pursue our international engagement based on enlightened national interest, combining the strength of our values with pragmatism, leading to a doctrine of mutually beneficial relationships. My government is committed to building a strong, self-reliant and self-confident India; regaining its rightful place in the comity of nations.
44. My government sent a unique and bold signal to the South Asian region and the world, by inviting for the first time in independent India, leaders of all South Asian neighbours to the swearing-in ceremony of the new Council of Ministers on May 26. We are grateful to them for accepting the invitation at such a short notice. Their participation, as also the gracious presence of the Prime Minister of Mauritius; not only added sheen to the ceremony, but also represented a celebration of democracy in the region and convergence of our shared hopes and aspirations. This shows my government’s commitment and determination to work towards building a peaceful, stable and economically inter-linked neighbourhood which is essential for the collective development and prosperity of the South Asian Region. We will further work together with South Asian leaders to revitalise SAARC as an effective instrument for regional cooperation and as a united voice on global issues.
45. At the same time, we will never shy away from raising issues of concern to us at a bilateral level. We emphasize that the future of shared prosperity can only be built on the foundation of stability in the region, which requires sensitivity to security concerns and an end to export of terrorism to neighbours.
46. My Government will engage energetically with other neighbours in our region, including China, with whom we will work to further develop our Strategic and Cooperative Partnership. We will strive to make progress in the many initiatives that are ongoing with Japan, especially in the field of building modern infrastructure in our country. Russia remains a privileged and strategic partner and my government will build further on the firm foundations of this relationship.
47. India and the United States have made significant progress in developing strategic partnership over the years. My government will bring a renewed vigour to our engagement and intensify it in all areas, including trade, investment, science and technology, energy and education. India also values its broad-based cooperation with Europe. The government will make concerted efforts to achieve progress in key areas with the European Union as well as its leading members.
48. To fully realize our softpower potential; there is a need to
integrate it into our external interchange, with particular emphasis on our rich spiritual, cultural and philosophical heritage. The government will revive Brand India riding on our strengths of 5T’s: Tradition, Talent, Tourism, Trade and Technology.
49. Across the world, we have a vibrant, talented and industrious Indian Diaspora that is a source of great pride for us. They have done pioneering work in diverse fields, held the highest public offices and have worked hard to support their localities and families in India. While they have contributed immensely to their adopted country, they also carry a little flame of India in their hearts that can light up the promise of change in our country. A hundred years ago, in 1915, India’s greatest Pravasi Bharatiya, Mahatma Gandhi, returned home and transformed the nation’s destiny. The next Pravasi Bharatiya Diwas in January 2015 will thus be a special occasion. As we celebrate the centenary of Gandhiji’s return to India, we would also take steps that would deepen every Pravasi Bharatiya’s connection with India and involve them in India’s development.
Honourable Members
50. The people of India have given a clear mandate. They want to see a vibrant, dynamic and prosperous India. They want to see a resurgent India regaining the admiration and respect of the international community. Brimming with hope and expectation, they want quick results. With three Ds of Democracy, Demography and Demand on our side, India is poised to actualize these aspirations. We must rise to the occasion to fulfill these great expectations. In 60 months from now, we should be able to say with confidence and pride that we have done it.
Jai Hind

Healthy rivers are crucial
This will require innovative sewage treatment and tough enforcement of pollution norms
Author: Sunita Narain
THE BJP-LED government has said it is serious about cleaning the Ganga. It must know that every river in India is like the Ganga. Every river is either dying or already dead. This is because cities take water from them and return sewage, and industries discharge effluents into them.
The river-cleaning model has as yet depended on building sewage treatment plants. This strategy is inadequate. Nearly 84 per cent of Varanasi city is without the sewage network. So is 71 per cent of Allahabad. Engineers will tell the government that they will build the network. This is a pipe dream. Even as they deal with the backlog, there is more that needs to be built or repaired. Cities do not even have funds to run sewage treatment plants. All in all, the game of catch-up does not work. Change is possible with the following strategy:

1. Make ecological flow mandatory in all stretches of the river. In upper stretches, where the requirement is for critical ecological functions as well as societal needs, it should be mandated at 50 per cent for the lean season and 30 per cent for other seasons. In urbanised stretches, it will be mandated based on the quantum of wastewater released into the river and calculated using a factor of 10 for dilution.
2. Accept that urban areas cannot build conventional sewage networks at a required pace. So intercept sewage in open drains and take it to treatment plants. Ensure that all new developments treat sewage locally using decentralised systems.
3. Ensure treated effluent is reused or discharged directly into rivers for dilution.
4. Go for affordable water and sanitation solutions. Today, the Centre provides subsidy for building and running sewage treatment plants. Cities do not provide water and sanitation for all. They get expensive water from farther away, losing some of it in distribution. This is not practical. Cities must reduce water use, pay for water and invest in sewage treatment that is affordable. Central funds must subsidise only those systems that provide for all, not some.
5. Design a garbage disposal system to segregate waste and make a resource out of it.
6. Learn that controlling industrial pollution demands effective enforcement of laws and appropriate technologies for small-scale industries. The Central Pollution Control Board estimates 500 million litres of industrial discharge flows into the Ganga every day. Crackdown on non-compliance and incentivise pollution-control technologies.
7. Recognise lack of sanitation is a national shame. Implement the current programme with obsession. Make this the national mission that counts.

Shri Ananth Kumar Takes Charge as Minister of Chemicals & Fertilisers
The Minister for Chemicals & Fertilisers Shri Ananth Kumar has said that policies will be framed to make the country self-reliant in fertilizer supply. Speaking to newsmen after taking charge of the Ministry of Chemicals & Fertilisers in New Delhi today, he said the present Government intends to place the farmer at the center of the agriculture sector, the village and the country’s economy. The Minister said that first priority of his ministry is to ensure an adequate and timely supply of fertilizers to all farmers for the coming karif season. His Government also plans to revive all closed urea plants.

The Minister pointed out that it will be an endeavor of his ministry to reduce cost of about 400 medicines by over 25% and make these generic and essential medicines easily available to the poor.

Shri Ananth Kumar said that efforts to set up petro-chemical hubs in Assam, Orissa and Tamilnadu will be strengthened.

Shri Ananth Kumar has been elected as a M.P. from the Bangalore South Constituency in Karnataka in the recent Lok Sabha Elections. The 55 year old Senior BJP leader had earlier been a cabinet minister in the Vajpayee Government.


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KSP/NKS/SG
(Release ID :10524

Keywords: Ground Water, Physicochemical Parameters, Alkalinity, Electrical Conductivity, Dissolved Oxygen, Bio Chemical Oxygen Demand

Introduction

Drinking water is one of the most important constituents for healthy living of human society. In India most of the people living in rural areas, depend on ground water for drinking purpose. Ground water is ultimate and most suitable fresh water resource. The quality of water may be described according to its physico-chemical and micro-biological characteristics ¹. The particulate problem in case of water quality monitoring is the complexity associated with analysis of the large number of measured variables². In recent years an easier and simpler approach based on statistical correlation, has been developed using mathematical relationship for comparison of physicochemical parameters^3-6. The physico-chemical analysis of water samples was carried by many researchers using by standard methods ^7-14.
Tirupati is located in the Chittoor district, Andhra Pradesh state, India. Chittoor district lies extreme south of Andhra Pradesh approximately between 12° 37’ – 14° 8’ north latitudes and 78° 3’ – 79° 55’ east longitudes. Most of the people in rural areas of Tirupati depend upon ground water for drinking and other domestic needs. Many pharma, plastic, cement, battery, beverage etc., industries were established in this area. The objective of the present work is to assess the drinking water quality parameters in this area and to study their effect on human health.

Experimental

The study was carried out during the period from June 2010 to June 2011 at Chandragiri area near Tirupati. The drinking water samples were collected in clean and dry polythene bottles. Each sample was filtered using whatmann no.42 filter paper and stored. The water samples collected were analyzed within 5 hours after collection. The temperature of the samples was measured in the field itself at the time of collection. The collected samples were kept in the refrigerator maintained at 4°C and analyzed for a few important parameters in order to have an idea on the quality of drinking water. The average results were presented in table 1 and 2.
Electrical conductivity values were measured using Elico CM 180 conductivity ridge. Total alkalinity was evaluated by titration with standard 0.1M HCl using methyl orange and phenolphthalein as indicators¹⁵. Standard procedures¹⁶ involving spectrophotometry, flame photometry and volumetry were used for the determination of hardness, total dissolved solids (TDS), sulphate, chloride, nitrate, calcium, magnesium iron etc., All the chemicals used were of AR grade.

Results and discussion

pH

The limit of pH value for drinking water is specified¹⁷ as 6.5 to 8.5. PH value in the studied area varied between 6.4-8.4.  All the sampling points showed pH values within the prescribed limit by WHO.  Abnormal values of pH causes bitter taste to water, affects mucous membrane, causes corrosion and also affests aquatic life.

Hardness

The total hardness is relatively high in all samples due to the presence of calcium, magnesium, chloride and sulphate ions. High amount of hardness in drinking water leads to heart diseases and kidney stone formation¹⁸. Hardness  value in the studied area varied between 412-534 mg/L. 6 sampling points showed higher hardness values than the prescribed limit by WHO. Exceeding the permissible limit of hardness causes poor lathering with soap, deterioration of the quality of clothes, scale formation and skin irritation.

Alkalinity

Water with high amount of alkalinity results in unpleasant taste to water and it turns boiled rice to yellowish colour. Various ionic species that contribute to the alkalinity include hydroxide, carbonates, bicarbonates and organic acids. These factors are characteristic sources of water and many natural processes take place at any place¹⁹. Alkalinity value in the studied domestic area varied between 195-561 mg/L. 30 sampling points showed higher alkalinity values than the prescribed limit by WHO.

Calcium

Calcium value in the studied area varied between 56-3014 mg/L. 30 sampling points showed higher calcium values than the limit prescribed by WHO If calcium is present beyond the maximum acceptable limit, it causes incrustation of pipes, poor lathering and deterioration of the quality of clothes.

Magnesium

Magnesium value in the studied area varied between 50-83 mg/L. 39 sampling points showed higher magnesium values than the limit prescribed by WHO. Too high magnesium will adversely affect crop yields as the soils become more alkaline.

Iron

Iron value in the studied area varied between 0.18-0.73 mg/L. 35 sampling points showed higher iron values than the prescribed limit by WHO. The excess amount of iron causes slight toxicity, gives stringent taste to water and can cause staining laundry and porcelain.

Nitrates

Groundwater contains nitrate due to leaching of nitrate with the percolating water and by sewage and other wastes rich in nitrates. Nitrate value in the studied area varied between 3.2-28.4 mg/L. All sampling points showed nitrate values within the prescribed limit by WHO. In the present study, the sampling points in which nitrate has been found to be high, can result in formation of nitroso-amines which are carcinogenic.

Chlorides

Soil porosity and permeability also has a key role in building up the chlorides concentration²⁰. Excessive chloride concentration increase rates of corrosion of metals in the distribution system. This can lead to increased concentration of metals in the supply²¹. Chloride value in the studied area varied between 215-330 mg/L. 27 sampling points showed higher chloride values than the prescribed limit by WHO. The higher values of chloride can cause corrosion and pitting of iron pipes and lates.

Sulphates

Sulphate occurs naturally in water as a result of leaching from gypsum and other common minerals. Sulphate content in drinking water exceeding the 400 mg/L impart bitter taste and may cause gastro-intestine irritation and cantharsis²². Sulphate value in the studied area varied between 145-233 mg/L. 15 sampling points showed higher sulphate values than the prescribed limit by WHO. Ingestion of water with high sulphates cause laxative effect and gastro-intestinal irritation.

Dissolved Oxygen (DO)

DO value in the studied area varied between 2.3-5.9 mg/L. 11 sampling points showed higher DO values higher than the prescribed limit by WHO. High amount of DO imparts good taste to water.

COD

COD in the studied area varied between 8.2-45 mg/L. Water with high COD indicates that there is inadequate oxygen available in the water samples.

BOD

BOD value in the studied area varied between 1.6-3.5 mg/L. All sampling points showed BOD values within the prescribed limit by WHO. Ground water with high value of BOD is due to microbial activities related to the dumpsites.

Conductivity

Electrical conductivity (EC) of water is a direct function of its total dissolved salts²³. Hence it is an index to represent the total concentration of soluble salts in water²⁴. Conductivity value in the studied area varied between 992-2492 µS/cm. 14 sampling points showed higher conductivity than the prescribed limit by WHO. If drinking water has high conductivity, it indicates the presence of high amount of dissolved inorganic substances in ionized form.

Solids

High values of TDS in ground water are generally not harmful to human beings but high concentration of these may affect persons who are suffering from kidney and heart diseases^25,26. A high content of dissolved solids elevates the density of water, influences osmoregulation of fresh water organism, reduces solubility of gases (like oxygen) and reduces utility of water for drinking, irrigation and industrial purposes²⁷. TS, TDS and TSS values in the studied area varied between 331-1192 mg/L, 308-1138 mg/L and 22-152 mg/L respectively. 31 sampling points showed higher TDS values than the prescribed limit by WHO. Continuous comsuption of water with high TDS content can cause gastro-intestinal irritation. It also causes undesirable taste and corrosion or incrustation.

Correlation Studies

Interrelationship studies between different water quality parameters are very helpful in understanding geochemistry of the studied area. The regression equations for the parameters having significant correlation coefficients are useful to estimate the concentration of other constituents. Correlation co efficient values samples are presented in table 3. Alkalinity shows significant correlation with calcium indicating that the alkaline nature of ground water is mainly due to calcium salts. Calcium shows good correlation with chlorides indicating that calcium is associated with chlorides in water of the studied area.  Conductivity shows significant correlation with calcium, chlorides and DO which reveals that conductance of water samples is mainly due to calcium and chlorides in the ground water of the studied area.

Conclusions

Over exploitation of resources and improper waste disposal practices affected the drinking water quality. According to WHO, nearly 80% of all the diseases in human beings are caused by water^28,29. Based on the results obtained for physicochemical analysis of ground water samples collected from different locations in the studied Chandragiri area, near Tirupati, it can be concluded that in some samples water quality parameters were beyond the permissible limit prescribed by WHO. Hence, drinking water in the studied area requires precautionary measures before drinking so as to protect human beings from adverse health effects.

Table 1 · Average Results of Chemical Parameters of Ground Water of Athuru, an industrial area near Tirupati

Sampling Point	pH	Hardness (mg/L)	Alkalinity (mg/L)	Ca2+ (mg/L)	Mg2+ (mg/L)	Fe2+ (mg/L)	NO3- (mg/L)	Cl- (mg/L)	SO42- (mg/L)
S 1	6.6	420	214	73	53	0.44	8.2	247	177
S 2	6.8	428	285	107	57	0.64	13.5	252	170
S 3	7.8	436	403	155	58	0.41	13.1	263	152
S 4	7.6	472	499	145	59	0.53	11.6	260	233
S 5	6.8	534	368	118	62	0.59	16.4	254	151
S 6	8.3	490	500	300	65	0.25	15.6	291	191
S 7	8.1	412	387	178	76	0.44	4.6	271	163
S 8	7.7	516	505	150	80	0.45	25.9	262	183
S 9	8	505	524	173	59	0.39	14.2	269	146
S 10	6.4	430	226	61	51	0.5	7.1	231	180
S 11	6.5	429	215	68	50	0.5	19.4	240	171
S 12	6.4	428	216	59	57	0.63	16.3	230	219
S 13	6.6	442	397	99	60	0.73	18	251	155
S 14	6.7	443	348	105	66	0.54	5.4	252	166
S 15	6.4	431	195	64	50	0.47	14	235	199
S 16	6.5	419	212	65	57	0.52	17.3	238	217
S 17	8.1	461	418	185	64	0.33	3.9	279	196
S 18	7.8	513	471	158	66	0.29	19.5	263	187
S 19	7.9	527	512	160	69	0.47	4.6	266	163
S 20	8.2	506	491	254	67	0.38	15.5	285	189
S 21	8.3	456	298	275	73	0.46	28.4	289	184
S 22	8.3	483	501	287	68	0.34	3.4	289	184
S 23	8.1	488	561	189	71	0.31	27.2	282	171
S 24	8.2	451	359	200	77	0.27	15.6	283	145
S 25	6.9	442	352	118	63	0.53	15.1	257	168
S 26	6.5	434	225	70	54	0.43	16.3	241	172
S 27	6.8	446	310	108	68	0.51	15.4	252	180
S 28	6.5	437	219	72	57	0.36	4.6	243	198
S 29	7.3	460	279	143	60	0.45	3.4	260	191
S 30	6.9	451	482	125	65	0.34	3.8	259	172
S 31	7	434	410	125	70	0.59	16	259	180
S 32	7.1	453	413	140	70	0.23	7.5	260	181
S 33	8.4	472	541	301	79	0.33	11.4	330	223
S 34	8	431	373	170	68	0.4	27.5	266	178
S 35	6.6	430	444	87	64	0.18	9.5	247	180
S 36	6.4	412	277	56	56	0.4	3.2	215	192
S 37	6.6	434	210	88	58	0.5	7.7	250	171
S 38	8.1	416	378	178	83	0.42	13.4	273	178
S 39	6.4	434	199	62	58	0.52	25.4	234	218
S 40	6.5	469	296	185	63	0.37	16.8	221	194
WHO	6.5-8.5	500	250	75	50	0.3	45	250	200

Table 2 · Average Results of Physical and Biological Parameters of Ground Water of Athuru, an industrial area near Tirupati

Sampling Point	Physical Parameters					Biological Parameters
	Temp (°C)	Conductivity (µS/cm)	Total Solids (TS) (mg/L)	Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) (mg/L)	Total Suspended Solids (TSS) (mg/L)	Dissolved Oxygen (DO) (mg/L)	Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) (mg/L)	Biochemical Oxygen Demand(BOD) (mg/L)
S 1	31	1333	422	394	28	5.3	14.1	2
S 2	31.2	1418	431	393	38	4.5	8.2	2.1
S 3	30.6	1624	884	830	54	4	28	2.9
S 4	32	1520	888	847	41	4.1	27.9	2.4
S 5	31.8	1434	924	891	33	4.5	25.2	2.2
S 6	31.5	2292	1051	984	67	2.5	10.2	3.4
S 7	31.6	1924	489	443	46	3.4	9.9	3
S 8	31	1616	528	452	76	4	17.7	2.9
S 9	31.5	1896	582	524	58	3.4	12.3	3
S 10	31.4	1254	1148	1107	41	5.7	34	1.7
S 11	31.8	1288	1045	1002	43	5.5	33.5	2
S 12	32	1186	971	931	40	5.8	34.7	1.6
S 13	31.9	1356	880	832	48	4.8	12.9	2.1
S 14	30.7	1408	1063	1013	50	4.6	19.5	2.1
S 15	30.7	1259	891	846	45	5.6	42.1	1.8
S 16	31.5	1281	1073	1002	71	5.5	24.5	1.9
S 17	31.8	1984	1060	1003	57	3.3	27.8	3.1
S 18	31.6	1816	507	414	93	3.6	18	2.9
S 19	31.8	1836	426	377	49	3.5	10.3	3
S 20	31.5	2038	923	857	66	3	15.3	3.3
S 21	31	2075	959	893	66	3	12.9	3.3
S 22	30.9	2137	1190	1104	86	2.8	11.8	3.3
S 23	30.9	2012	775	697	78	3.3	16	3.2
S 24	31.2	2034	875	816	59	3.3	13.2	3.2
S 25	30.7	1440	852	806	46	4.4	14.8	2.3
S 26	32.3	1310	1192	1138	54	5.5	44.4	2
S 27	32.3	1429	774	731	43	4.5	22	2.2
S 28	30.8	1326	820	767	53	5.4	43	2
S 29	31.7	1515	412	341	71	4.1	14.4	2.4
S 30	30.9	1444	877	839	38	4.4	28	2.3
S 31	32.1	1454	331	308	23	4.3	20.8	2.4
S 32	31.3	1460	999	944	55	4.2	13.9	2.4
S 33	31.2	2492	744	710	34	2.3	12.9	3.5
S 34	31.4	1876	869	794	75	3.5	14.1	3
S 35	32	1340	978	902	76	5.3	45	2
S 36	32.7	992	504	482	22	5.9	44	1.6
S 37	32	1356	748	717	31	5	23.2	2.1
S 38	31.4	1970	955	902	53	3.4	18	3
S 39	32.8	1255	644	597	47	5.6	36.8	1.8
S 40	32.1	1528	849	697	152	4	17.2	2.8
WHO	30.0	1800		500		5.0		6.0

Table 3 · Correlation Coefficient Values of various Physico-Chemical Parameters of Ground Water of Athuru, an industrial area near Tirupati

	pH	TH	TA	Ca2+	Mg2+	Fe2+	NO3-	Cl-	SO42-	DO	COD	BOD	Temp	Cond	TS	TDS	TSS
pH	1
TH	0.4835	1
TA	0.73317	0.66123	1
Ca2+	0.8884	0.50873	0.67989	1
Mg2+	0.70262	0.30377	0.61372	0.65857	1
Fe2+	-0.4485	-0.208	-0.4151	-0.4558	-0.3306	1
NO3-	0.124	0.15951	0.0126	0.11112	0.1595	0.1555	1
Cl-	0.88574	0.43211	0.69877	0.87233	0.68541	-0.3847	0.06996	1
SO42-	-0.1172	-0.1217	-0.1525	-0.0087	-0.1154	-0.0152	0.03311	-0.07	1
DO	-0.9396	-0.5517	-0.7625	-0.9541	-0.7325	0.41862	-0.101	-0.8944	0.13603	1
COD	-0.6204	-0.3817	-0.483	-0.6465	-0.5579	0.00179	-0.1167	-0.6138	0.30655	0.74159	1
BOD	0.95116	0.54133	0.72896	0.93933	0.72054	-0.4905	0.17637	0.86212	-0.1561	-0.9728	-0.6678	1
Temp	-0.3171	-0.0883	-0.2162	-0.2902	-0.1907	0.192	0.04497	-0.3923	0.24676	0.30919	0.3186	-0.3193	1
Cond	0.94454	0.48011	0.68622	0.94543	0.69288	-0.4762	0.13432	0.92656	-0.066	-0.9576	-0.6381	0.96102	-0.3178	1
TS	-0.0423	-0.102	-0.0893	0.08909	-0.127	-0.1583	0.03496	0.02706	0.09417	0.04565	0.28822	-0.0191	-0.1529	0.04924	1
TDS	-0.0665	-0.1357	-0.1112	0.05288	-0.1495	-0.1185	0.00781	0.02247	0.08892	0.07986	0.31367	-0.0607	-0.1473	0.01995	0.99529	1
TSS	0.23966	0.32822	0.21044	0.37931	0.21082	-0.4254	0.28	0.05029	0.06602	-0.3406	-0.2187	0.41857	-0.0777	0.30372	0.18442	0.08827	-0.0777

References