It's total shutdown in Seemandhra

Normal life came to a grinding halt in all the 13 districts of Seemandhra with people voluntarily observing a complete shutdown in protest against the Union cabinet’s decision to create Telangana.

VIJAYAWADA/VISAKHAPATNAM: Normal life came to a grinding halt in all the 13 districts of Seemandhra with people voluntarily observing a complete shutdown in protest against the Union cabinet's decision to create Telangana. The bandh was marred by sporadic incidents of attacks on private vehicles, Congress offices, railway stations and a couple of other government properties in some districts.

Traffic between southern and northern parts of India was badly hit as Samaikyandhra protesters squatted on national highways, burnt tyres on arterial roads and prevented movement of vehicles on Chennai-Kolkata, Machilipatnam-Pune, Kondapalli-Jagdalpur, Bangalore-Hyderabad, and Tirupati-Chennai highways. Many private vehicles, especially two-wheelers were set on fire by protesters in Vijayawada, Vizianagaram and Anantapur.

All government and private offices, petrol bunks, banks, educational institutions, ATMs, and cinema halls remained closed for the day. While the APNGO Association has called for a two-day bandh, the YSRCP announced that it will shutdown Seemandhra for 72 hours. Power generation at Vijayawada thermal power station was affected as employees refused to attend to duties and did not allow any technical snags to be rectified.

Tension mounted in Visakhapatnam, Vijayawada, and Anantapur as activists of TDP and YSRCP clashed with each other in a bid to woo the public. Protests have been going on in Seemandhra region for the past two months causing heavy loss to the state exchequer.

Congress offices were attacked at Dhone in Kurnool district and Kakinada in East Godavari district. In Tirupati the agitators stopped power supply to the residence of local MP Chinta Mohan. Pilgrims suffered in Tirupati as RTC buses and private vehicles were stopped between Tirupati and Tirumala. The bandh is likely to cast a shadow on the Brahmotsavams in Tirumala and Dasara festivities at Sri Kanakadurga temple in Vijayawada.

With the protesters staging rasta rokos separately on highways, the vehicular movement on the national highways was badly hit. According to reports, national highways were blocked in Vijayawada, Guntur, Ongole, Nellore, Rajahmundry, Eluru, Visakhapatnam, Kurnool, Kadapa, Anantapur, and Srikakulam.

Private vehicles, which have been shuttling between district headquarters ever since APSRTC buses went off roads about 50 days ago, joined the agitation as well. Chaos prevailed at government hospitals as doctors joined the strike. Doctors in many places refused to attend to outpatient services.

Tension prevailed in Tenali when local TDP activists made a vain bid to barge into assembly speaker Nadendla Manohar's residence. Police caned and dispersed the agitators. Meanwhile, CRPF personnel chased protesters when they entered the ONGC drilling site near Chakalipalem in East Godavari district.

In Chittoor, activists attacked the buses of Diwakar travels owned by Congress legislator JC Diwakar Reddy. In Guntur TDP activists attacked district Congress party office and broke windowpanes. TDP activists staged dharna in front of the residence of agriculture minister Kanna Lakshminarayana in Guntur demanding his resignation.

Volumetric flasks are used to accurately prepare solutions for chemistry.

This is how to make a chemical solution using a solid dissolved in a liquid, such as water or alcohol. If you don't need to be very accurate, you can use a beaker or Erlenmeyer flask to prepare a solution. More often, you'll use a volumetric flask to prepare a solution so that you'll have a known concentration of solute in solvent.

1. Weigh out the solid that is your solute.
2. Fill the volumetric flask about halfway with distilled water or deionized water (aqueous solutions) or other solvent.
3. Transfer the solid to the volumetric flask.
4. Rinse the weighing dish with the water to make certain all of the solute is tranferred into the flask.
5. Stir the solution until the solute is dissolved. You may need to add more water (solvent) or apply heat to dissolve the solid.
6. Fill the volumetric flask to the mark with distilled or deionized water.

1. Percent Composition by Mass (%) This is the mass of the solute divided by the mass of the solution (mass of solute plus mass of solvent), multiplied by 100.
   Example:
   Determine the percent composition by mass of a 100 g salt solution which contains 20 g salt.
   Solution:
   20 g NaCl / 100 g solution x 100 = 20% NaCl solution
   
2. Volume Percent (% v/v)Volume percent or volume/volume percent most often is used when preparing solutions of liquids. Volume percent is defined as:
   v/v % = [(volume of solute)/(volume of solution)] x 100%
   Note that volume percent is relative to volume of solution, not volume of solvent. For example, wine is about 12% v/v ethanol. This means there are 12 ml ethanol for every 100 ml of wine. It is important to realize liqud and gas volumes are not necessarily additive. If you mix 12 ml of ethanol and 100 ml of wine, you will get less than 112 ml of solution.
   As another example. 70% v/v rubbing alcohol may be prepared by taking 700 ml of isopropyl alcohol and adding sufficient water to obtain 1000 ml of solution (which will not be 300 ml).
   
3. Mole Fraction (X) This is the number of moles of a compound divided by the total number of moles of all chemical species in the solution. Keep in mind, the sum of all mole fractions in a solution always equals 1.
   Example:
   What are the mole fractions of the components of the solution formed when 92 g glycerol is mixed with 90 g water? (molecular weight water = 18; molecular weight of glycerol = 92)
   Solution:
   90 g water = 90 g x 1 mol / 18 g = 5 mol water
   92 g glycerol = 92 g x 1 mol / 92 g = 1 mol glycerol
   total mol = 5 + 1 = 6 mol
   x_water = 5 mol / 6 mol = 0.833
   x _glycerol = 1 mol / 6 mol = 0.167
   It's a good idea to check your math by making sure the mole fractions add up to 1:
   x_water + x_glycerol = .833 + 0.167 = 1.000
   
4. Molarity (M) Molarity is probably the most commonly used unit of concentration. It is the number of moles of solute per liter of solution (not necessarily the same as the volume of solvent!).
   Example:
   What is the molarity of a solution made when water is added to 11 g CaCl₂ to make 100 mL of solution?
   Solution:
   11 g CaCl₂ / (110 g CaCl₂ / mol CaCl₂) = 0.10 mol CaCl₂
   100 mL x 1 L / 1000 mL = 0.10 L
   molarity = 0.10 mol / 0.10 L
   molarity = 1.0 M
   
5. Molality (m)Molality is the number of moles of solute per kilogram of solvent. Because the density of water at 25°C is about 1 kilogram per liter, molality is approximately equal to molarity for dilute aqueous solutions at this temperature. This is a useful approximation, but remember that it is only an approximation and doesn't apply when the solution is at a different temperature, isn't dilute, or uses a solvent other than water.
   Example:
   What is the molality of a solution of 10 g NaOH in 500 g water?
   Solution:
   10 g NaOH / (40 g NaOH / 1 mol NaOH) = 0.25 mol NaOH
   500 g water x 1 kg / 1000 g = 0.50 kg water
   molality = 0.25 mol / 0.50 kg
   molality = 0.05 M / kg
   molality = 0.50 m
   
6. Normality (N) Normality is equal to the gram equivalent weight of a solute per liter of solution. A gram equivalent weight or equivalent is a measure of the reactive capcity of a given molecule. Normality is the only concentration unit that is reaction dependent.
   Example:
   1 M sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄) is 2 N for acid-base reactions because each mole of sulfuric acid provides 2 moles of H⁺ ions. On the other hand, 1 M sulfuric acid is 1 N for sulfate precipitation, since 1 mole of sulfuric acid provides 1 mole of sulfate ions.

Density, Specific Weight and Specific Gravity

An introduction and definition of density, specific weight and specific gravity - formulas with examples