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Heat exchanger cleaning

June 2, 2015, 7:56 am
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Heat exchanger cleaning There is a need to clean pipes and tubes of various diameters at  industry enterprises. Tubes and tube bundles of heat exchangers need to be periodically cleaned of scale, sediment and rust, which lead to reduced productivity of technological equipment and the loss of final product quality.
The principle of hydrodynamic cleaning is based on the application of the water jet as a working body, which is delivered into the working zone through special nozzles under high pressure. Various modifications of hydro heads are used as the nozzles. These heads work under conditions of different diameter of tubes and different thickness of deposits.

Compared with traditional methods, cleaning with water under pressure has a number of decisive advantages:
  • alkalis, acids and other chemicals, that create problems related to the preservation of the environment, are not used when cleaning;
  • any deposits are effectively removed , regardless of their physical properties and chemical composition;
  • high productivity allows to reduce downtime of processing equipment, i.e. direct and indirect production costs.
  • possibility to clean fully clogged beams of heat exchangers and pipes
Dependence of excessive fuel consumption on thickness of scale on walls of a heat exchange equipment

From the diagram it can be seen that a layer of scum even in thickness of 0.1 - 0.2 mm increases fuel consumption respectively by 1.5 - 3% and with thickness of scale of 1 mm - up to 7%.
Experience in operating hydro equipment shows that the pressure that is optimal for cleaning of heat exchangers and boilers is 500-1500 bar. In exceptional cases where there is a problem to clean particularly hard sludge, ultra-high-pressure monitors up to 2500 bar may be required. In both cases the hydro-jet method restores the heat-exchange characteristics of devices and the carrying capacity of pipelines with diameter from 10 to 150 mm and more.

Cleaning of inner walls of pipes and tube space is performed by nozzles, selected by considering tubes diameter, thickness and nature of impurity. Reactive power of the water jet by means of location and orientation of holes in nozzles enforces the nozzles, driving them forward and rotation (in rotating nozzles). When using nozzles with a front jet or two intersecting front jets, the material in front of the nozzle is also destroyed. Nozzles can be used with hoses (flexible peaks) as well as with hard-peaks. Some nozzles, having a predominance of frontal jets and requiring forced feed may only be used with hard peaks.

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SHELL & TUBE HEAT EXCHANGERS-Maintenance Instructions

June 2, 2015, 9:11 am
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INSTALLATION
1.  Provide sufficient clearance at the channel or bonnet end of the unit to permit removal of tube bundles from shells.  On the floating head end, a space of 3 or 4 feet should be provided to permit the removal of the floating head.
2.  Foundations must be adequate so that exchangers will not settle and cause piping strains.  Foundation bolts should be set to allow for setting inaccuracies.  In concrete footings, pipe sleeves at least one size larger than the bolt diameter slipped over the bolt and cast in place are best for this purpose, as they allow the bolt center to be adjusted after the foundation has set.
3.  Provide valves and by-passes in the piping system so that both the shell and tube bundle may be by-passed to permit cutting out the unit  for inspection or repairs.
4.  Provide convenient means for frequent cleaning of the unit as suggested under "Maintenance."
5.  Provide thermometer wells and pressure gage connections in all piping to and from the unit, as near the unit as possible.
6.  Provide necessary air vent cocks so that the unit can be purged to prevent or relieve vapor or gas binding of either the tube bundle or the shell.
7.  Loosen foundation bolts at one end of the unit to allow free expansion of shell.  Oval holes in foundation brackets are provided for this purpose.
8.  Set exchangers level and square so that pipe connections may be made without forcing.
9.  Inspect all openings in the heat exchanger for foreign material.  Remove all wooden plugs and shipping pads just before installing.  Do not expose units to the elements with pads or other covers removed from nozzles or other openings since rain water may enter the unit and cause sever damage due to freezing and/or corrosion.
10.  Be sure entire system is clean before starting operation to prevent plugging of tubes or shell side passages with sand or refuse.  The use of strainers or settling tanks in pipelines leading to the heat exchanger is recommended.
11.  Drain connections should not be piped to a common closed manifold.
12.  To guard against pulsation of the fluids caused by reciprocating pumps, compressors or other equipment a surge drum should be installed.
OPERATION:
A heat exchanger is a pressure vessel designed for operation at certain specific limits of pressure and temperature, and the system must be safeguarded with safety valves and controls so that these design conditions are not exceeded and that all operating personnel are alerted.
    1.  When placing a unit in operation, open the vent connections and start to circulate the cold medium only.  Be sure that the passages in the exchanger are entirely filled with the cold fluid before closing the vents.  The hot medium should then be introduced gradually until all passages are filled with liquid.  Then, close vents and slowly bring the unit up to temperature.
 
  2.  Start operation gradually.  Do not admit hot fluid to the unit suddenly when it is empty or cold.  Do not shock unit with cold fluid when it is hot.
  3.  In shutting down, flow of hot medium should be shut off first.  If it is necessary to stop circulation of cooling medium, the circulation of hot medium should also be stopped by by-passing or otherwise.
    4.  Do not operate equipment under conditions in excess of those specified on nameplate.
    5.  In all installations, there should be no pulsation of fluids since this causes vibration and strain with resulting leaks.
    6.  All gasketed joints should be rechecked for tightness after the unit has been heated to prevent leaks and blowing out gaskets.
    7.  Units with packing rings may require adjustment from time to time to eliminate slight leakage.  As joint containing packing rings requires only a small amount of bolting pressure to seal tight.
    Many heat exchangers handle fluids which are irritating or dangerous to the human system and could cause problems if bolted and packed joints are not maintained in a leak tight condition both at operating pressures and temperatures, and also at no flow, ambient conditions.
    If fluid are not irritating or dangerous a leak will at least cause a slippery situation on the floor below.
    Since one fluid in the exchanger is at a higher temperature, any leaks might cause burns.
    If leakage should appear at the packed end joint after the cooler is placed in operation, the bolting should be pulled up only enough to stop it.  This can be accomplished by taking a one-half turn on each successive bolt starting at one point and continuing around the cooler until all leakage has been eliminated.  Do not tighten this joint any more than is required to stop the initial leakage.
    When the packing has been repeatedly tightened to the point where there is almost a metal to metal contact between the bonnet (or channel) and the shell flanges, the two packing rings should be replaced. 
    8.  Be sure that all parts of the system are clean and in proper operating condition.  An exchanger cannot perform properly unless all connected equipment is functioning properly, yet, the exchanger is frequently blamed for non performance when the actual trouble is elsewhere in the system.
Observe the following precautions to obtain maximum performance:
    (A)  Exchanger must be full of fluid in both shell and tube sides.
    (B)  Provide periodic venting if air tends to accumulate in system.
    (C)  Maintain rated flow of both mediums.
    (D)  Avoid excessive flow of cooling water in exchangers used as coolers.  It is a frequent cause of tube failure through erosion, and may decrease cooling efficiency, especially with heavy oils.
    (E)  Inspect exchanger periodically and clean thoroughly when necessary, especially inside tubes.
MAINTENANCE:
1.  Provide convenient means for frequent cleaning of heat exchangers as suggested below:
    (A)  Circulating hot wash oil or light distillate through tubes or shell at a good velocity will usually effectively remove sludge or
similar soft deposits.
    (B)  Soft salt deposits may be washed out by circulating hot fresh water.
    (C)  Some commercial cleaning compounds such as “Oakite” or “Dowell” may be effective in removing more stubborn deposits. Use in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions.
    (D)  If none of the above described methods are effective for the removal of hard scale or coke a mechanical means may be used.
    When the heat exchanger is cleaned, it is important the full characteristics of the fouling material and the cleaning agent be known and care exercised in handling them according to instructions.
2.  Frequently and at regular intervals, observe interior and exterior condition of all tubes and keep them clean.  Neglect in keeping all tubes clean may result in complete stoppage of flow through some tubes, with consequest overheating of these tubes as compared to surrounding tubes, resulting in severe expansion strains and leaking tube-to-tube-sheet joints.
    When shutting down for repairs it is imperative that all fluids be drained from the heat exchanger and that no bolting be loosened until the pressures are down to atmospheric and the temperature of the parts are down to ambient.
3.  Do not attempt to clean tubes by blowing steam through individual tubes.  This overheats the tube and results in severe expansion strains and leaking tube-to-tube-sheet joints.
4.  Do not blow out heat exchanger with air when fluids normally handled are of an inflammable nature.
5.  Do not open heads until all pressure is off equipment and the unit is drained.
6.  Do not handle tube bundles with hooks or other tools which might damage tubes.  Bundles should be moved about on cradles or skids.
7.  Do not tighten bolts until gasket is positioned properly.  This precaution will eliminate one cause for taking down units because of leaks.
    Since many of the removable  components of the heat exchanger, particularly in the larger sizes are too heavy for men to handle care must be used to take this weight with proper rigging to avoid injury.
    When a heat exchanger is dismantled for any cause, it is recommended that new gaskets be used in re-assemble.  This will tend to lessen the possibility of future leaks because composition gaskets become brittle and dry out, they do not provide an effective seal when reused.  Metal or metal jacketed gaskets when compressed initially tend to match their gasket contact surfaces.  In doing so, the are work hardened to the point that their reuse provides an imperfect seal and possible damage to the gasket contact surfaces of the heat exchanger.
8.  To tighten a loose tube joint, use a suitable roller type tube expander.  Do not roll tubes that are not leaking as it needlessly thins the tube wall.
9.  Exchangers subject to fouling or scaling should be cleaned periodically.  A light sludge or scale coating on the tube greatly reduces effectiveness.  A marked increase in pressure drop and/or reduction in performance usually indicates cleaning is necessary, if the unit has been checked for air or vapor binding and this has been found not to be the cause.  Since the difficulty of cleaning increases rapidly as the scale thickens or deposit increases, the intervals between cleanings should not be excessive.
10.  To clean or inspect inside of tubes, remove channel covers (or bonnets).  Do not remove channels.

11.  To locate leaking joints between tube and tube sheet or a split tube, proceed as follows:
    Channel Type
      (a)  Remove channel covers
      (b)  Apply hydraulic pressure in shell
    Bonnet Type
      (a)  Remove bonnets
      (b)  Bolt test rings in place with gaskets and packing
      (c)  Apply hydraulic pressure in shell
    Use only cold water for hydrostatic test.  The point where the water escapes indicates the defective tube or joint.
12.  when removing tube bundles from exchangers for inspection or cleaning, care should be exercised to avoid damage by improper handling.  Although tube bundles are often of great weight, the tubes are small and of relatively thin metal.  The dead weight of the bundle, therefore, should never be supported on individual tubes, but should rest on those parts that are designed to carry it i.e., the tube sheets, support plates or wood blocks, cut to fit the periphery of the bundle.  In withdrawing tube bundles, it is recommended that rods or steel cables be passed through two or more of the tubes and the load taken on the floating tube sheet.  Rods should be threaded and provided with nuts and should pass through a bearing plate at either end of the bundle.  A soft wood filler board should be inserted between bearing plates and tube sheets, in order to prevent damage to tube ends.  A forged steel eye bolt which may be screwed into either plate is used for pulling and lifting.
    When steel cables are used for lifting, the cable is threaded through one tube and returned through another.  Loops are formed in the ends of the cable by use of thimbles and wire rope clips.  A wood spreader block is inserted between the cable and the floating tube sheet to prevent crushing on tube end.
    If the tube bundle has been in service for a considerable length of time without being removed it may be necessary to use a hydraulic jack on the floating tube sheet to get it started.  A good sized steel bearing plate should be inserted between jack and tube sheet and the tube ends protected by means of a filler board.
    Tube bundles may be raised horizontally by means of slings.  Baffles can be easily bent & damaged by dragging a bundle over a rough surface.  Diameter of baffles is practically the same as the inside of the shell and a close fit must be maintained for the apparatus to function properly.  Any damage to baffles should, therefore, be carefully avoided.
    In cleaning a tube bundle, tubes should not be hammered on with any metallic tool.  In case it is necessary to use scrapers, care should be exercised to see that the scraper is not sharp enough to cut the metal of the tubes.
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Monitor™ economic calculations answer common questions about the cost of fouling,

June 2, 2015, 9:19 am
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Economic Calculations

Monitor™ economic calculations answer common questions about the cost of fouling, the benefits to be gained from cleaning and help to develop an optimum cleaning strategy.

Cleaning Economics Reports

Monitor™ Cleaning Economics calculations determine the effects of cleaning exchangers in the Network.  These are shown in tabular form  and include:
  • the cost of removing exchangers for cleaning
  • the savings that could be made by cleaning selected exchangers
  • the optimum cleaning cycles for each exchanger and for user-defined groups of exchangers.
In addition, one of the standard spreadsheet reports is the Fouling Cost Summary which shows the additional costs that have been incurred over a range of cases for the furnace to make up the duty lost. 

Economic Data Required

The Cleaning Economic calculations require the following data:

Globally:

  • The Fuel Cost and the Furnace Efficiency are used when generating all economic reports. 
  • The Length of Plant Run is only used in the optimum cleaning cycle report. 
  • Fuel Cost expressed in $ per unit of duty.  The default value is the Solomon value for fuel oil.
  • Furnace Efficiency. The fuel cost is divided by this value to obtain the total cost of the fuel.
  • Length of Plant Run expressed as number of days between plant shutdowns.  This is used in the optimum cleaning cycle calculation.

For each exchanger:

  • Date Last Cleaned. This is used in the optimum cleaning cycle report.
  • Days to Clean. The number of days that an exchanger will be out of service when it is removed for cleaning.  This is used in the optimum cleaning cycle report.
  • Cleaning Cost. The fixed costs (man time, cleaning materials, etc.) associated with removing and cleaning an exchanger.  This does not include additional costs incurred by the reduced Network duty.  This cost is used in the optimum cleaning cycle report.
  • Clean Fouling Factor for the exchanger when returned to service after cleaning.  This is used in the Cleaning Economics calculation and the optimum cleaning cycle report.

How Cleaning Economics are Calculated

Fouling factors are first calculated for a selected Case.  These are used to calculate temperatures for all exchangers and at the furnace inlet.

Cost of removing exchangers for cleaning

The Network is solved and the furnace run-up temperature calculated with each exchanger in turn bypassed.  This determines the effect of removing the exchangers for cleaning in terms of lost enthalpy at the furnace inlet, also expressed as $/day. The program also calculates the amount by which the throughput would have to be reduced in order to maintain the furnace inlet temperature at its previous level.

Savings from cleaning

The fouling factor of each exchanger in turn is then set to its clean value and the Network is solved to obtain the increase in duty that this would produce at the furnace inlet.  This is shown as extra throughput which could be achieved and $/day.

Optimum cleaning cycles

The above results are then used, along with fixed costs, to calculate the optimum cleaning cycles for each exchanger.  The optimum cycle is that which minimises the annualised cost of fouling. By default, each exchanger is cleaned in turn.  Combinations of exchangers to be cleaned in addition to individual exchangers are defined in the User Defined Cleaning Economics Combinations Window.

Flexible Output

MONITOR's output capabilities are extensive.  
  • You can export the PFD drawing to PowerPoint so that you can use it in a presentation. 
  • You can get results tables displayed directly on the screen.
  • You can have a summary of Reconciliation, Fouling and NFIT runs for a range of cases.
  • You can plot results from a range of cases to view trends.

You can get the results of the current case displayed as a table directly on the screen.  
You can export these results to Word or to a Text file. 


Input Data Reprint

To enable you to check all your data, Monitor prints it all out at the start of the main results output.
The network data include:
  • connectivity 
  • mechanical data 
Case data include:
  • stream temperatures, pressures, flowrates and properties
  • exchanger temperatures
  • mixer temperatures
  • splitter ratios

Reconciliation

Monitor uses measured plant temperatures and flowrates to calculate heat exchanger fouling factors. The Data Reconciliation calculation identifies inconsistencies in the input data and enables you to obtain a more consistent set of data for the fouling calculation.
Reconciliation output shows the duties calculated from the supplied flowrates and temperatures for each side of target exchanger and the differences between them. It also shows the differences between the target and calculated temperatures of the  products of target mixers.
The same data are then shown after the reconciliation has been completed. The table shows by how much feed stream temperatures and flowrates and splitter ratios have been changed to achieve a reconciled data set.

Fouling

After a reprint of the input data, the fouling report shows tabular results for each type of heat exchanger in turn, followed by results for all other types of unit operation in turn. Finally, the temperatures, pressures, flows and properties are presented for all the streams in the Network. 
Heat exchanger results include:
  • Exchanger duties, clean and dirty coefficients
  • Tube and shell velocities and Reynold's Numbers
  • Mixer temperatures and duties
  • Stream temperatures, rates and properties.

Normalised Output

Normalisation is the technique Monitor uses to remove the effect of the changes in external parameters, such as crude and product variations, to determine a true picture of the degradation of network performance due to fouling alone.
The calculated fouling factors from each case are superimposed onto the feeds from a selected base case and the resultant temperatures reported.
Normalisation output includes:
  • fouling resistances used
  • exchanger exit temperatures
  • run-up stream temperature


Cleaning Economics

Cleaning Economics calculations determine the effect of cleaning exchangers in the Network and an optimum cleaning cycle for each exchanger.
Cleaning output includes:
  • The cost of removing each  exchanger as the additional fuel cost/day to make up the duty and as the loss in throughput if the duty was not made up by the furnace.
  • The increase in duty of the complete Network after each exchanger has been cleaned expressed as a reduced furnace cost to maintain current operation and an increased throughput which could be achieved if furnace duty was not reduced.
  • The Optimum Cleaning Cycle period which provides the lowest annualised cost of fouling. The savings shown are compared with the cost of cleaning once at the end of the plant run.


Splitter Optimisation

Splitter Optimisation determines splitter product ratios which maximise the heat recovery of the Network. This minimises the required furnace duty for the Network.
Optimisation output includes:
  • Initial and final enthalpy and temperature of the chosen run-up stream.
  • all exchanger inlet and outlet temperatures and flowrates at the optimum splitter setting.

Calculation Histories

This report summarises the Reconciliation and/or Fouling and/or NFIT results for all cases within a range you select.It is particularly useful for troubleshooting data errors.  
The report here shows a range of Data Reconciliation results, including some failed cases.
You can choose to display all cases or just failed cases.

 

Plotted Output


For monitoring over a time period, by far the most meaningful form of output is that presented in graphical format.
There are a number of standard, predefined reports. You may also define your own reports to include the parameters, units and/or streams that you require.
The data for the selected report are written to a text file which is then opened automatically in Excel. A plot is created for each set of data in the spreadsheet. You may then modify and save the workbook or copy plots or data into other applications.
The standard reports are:

Reconciliation

This report compares results for data reconciliation over the range of Cases. It shows:
  • the initial duty imbalance for target exchangers and the initial and final duties on the shell and tube sides for each exchanger.
  • changes in flowrate and temperature of feed streams.
       

Heat Transfer

This report contains heat transfer data for all the exchangers in the Network and any normalised furnace inlet temperatures.
For each exchanger there are plots for:
  • duty
  • fouling
  • U-values .. clean, actual and normalised
  • tube velocity
  • shell velocity
  • effectiveness

Fouling Cost

This report shows the additional costs incurred when a furnace makes up the duty lost because of fouling. 
The spreadsheet plots the following on separate worksheets:
  • The normalised furnace inlet temperature.
  • The Cost/day of the additional furnace duty required to make up for the network duty loss caused by the current level of fouling.
  • The cumulative additional furnace duty required since the start of the specified period. 
  • The cumulative fuel cost of the exchanger fouling since the start of the specified period.

Stream Temperatures

This report shows the temperatures of all streams in the Network. 
Feed streams, product streams and internal streams are presented separately and are plotted on separate worksheets.
Compare this plot of the actual furnace inlet stream temperatures with the normalised plot abov.  This shows the benefit of normalisation to give a more meaningful presentation of the true effect of fouling. 

Weight and Volume Flow Rates

These two reports show the weight and volume flowrates of all streams in the Network. Feed streams, product streams and internal streams are presented separately and are plotted on separate worksheets.

Weight Flowrates
Volume Flowrates

Pressures

The pressure at the inlet and outlet of each exchanger is listed on this report along with pressure drops. The plots for each exchanger are on separate worksheets and show:
  • Shell side inlet and outlet pressures
  • Shell side pressure drops
  • Tube side inlet and outlet pressures
  • Tube side pressure drops

User Defined Spreadsheet Outputs

If none of the standard spreadsheet reports meets your requirements, you may define your own reports.
You may specify a
  • Exchanger duty, U (actual and clean), fouling factor, velocities, Re, temperatures, MTD, LMTD and Ft.
  • Pump duty, heater and cooler temperatures and splitter ratios.
  • Stream temperatures, pressures, flowrate and liquid fraction. 


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Weather Report and Forecast For: Kakinada Dated :Jun 02, 2015

June 2, 2015, 5:43 pm
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Local Weather Report and Forecast For: Kakinada    Dated :Jun 02, 2015
Kakinada
Past 24 Hours Weather Data
Maximum Temp(oC)36.0
Departure from Normal(oC)-2
Minimum Temp (oC)26.7
Departure from Normal(oC)1
24 Hours Rainfall (mm)NIL
Todays Sunset (IST)18:31
Tommorows Sunrise (IST)05:27
Moonset (IST)05:05
Moonrise (IST)18:17
Today's Forecast:Sky condition would be generally cloudy.RA/TS would occur in parts of city. Maximum & Minimum temperatures would be around 35 and 27 degrees Celsius respectively.
Date Temperature ( o C ) Weather Forecast
Minimum Maximum
03-Jun 27.0 35.0 Mainly or Generally cloudy sky with possibility of rain or Thunderstorm
04-Jun 27.0 35.0 Partly cloudy sky with possibility of rain or Thunderstorm
05-Jun 28.0 36.0 Partly cloudy sky with possibility of rain or Thunderstorm
06-Jun 28.0 36.0 Partly cloudy sky with Thundery development
07-Jun 27.0 35.0 Partly cloudy sky with Thundery development
08-Jun 27.0 35.0 Partly cloudy sky with Thundery development




ActualAverage Record
Temperature 
Mean Temperature31 °C -  
Max Temperature36 °C - - ()
Min Temperature26 °C - - ()
Cooling Degree Days23  
Growing Degree Days38 (Base 50)  
Moisture 
Dew Point24 °C  
Average Humidity65  
Maximum Humidity81  
Minimum Humidity45  
Precipitation 
Precipitation0.0 mm - - ()
Sea Level Pressure 
Sea Level Pressure1005.37 hPa  
Wind 
Wind Speed1 km/h ()  
Max Wind Speed4 km/h  
Max Gust Speed -   
Visibility7.0 kilometers  
Events    
T = Trace of Precipitation, MM = Missing ValueSource: Averaged Metar Reports

Daily Weather History Graph

Daily Weather History Graph

TODAY FORECAST

















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Nagarjuna Fertilizers and Chemicals Limited will observe The World Environment Day on 5th June 2015

June 3, 2015, 6:37 am
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----- Forwarded by Dr Amarnath Giri/TS/KKD/NFCL/NAGARJUNA on 06/03/2015 12:25 PM -----

From:Raghavan R/PROD/KKD/NFCL/NAGARJUNA
To:ÅllNFCLKKDusers,
Date:06/03/2015 12:20 PM
Subject:WED 2015 Celebrations


Nagarjuna Fertilizers and Chemicals Limited
CIRCULAR
The World Environment Day is celebrated all over the world on 5th June every year. This year, to mark this occasion, we are organizing a function at “H” Block as per the details given 
below:

Seven Billion Dreams. One Planet. Consume with Care.

The well-being of humanity, the environment, and the functioning of the economy, ultimately depend upon the responsible management of the planet’s natural resources. Evidence is building that people are consuming far more natural resources than what the planet can sustainably provide.
Many of the Earth’s ecosystems are nearing critical tipping points of depletion or irreversible change, pushed by high population growth and economic development. By 2050, if current consumption and production patterns remain the same and with a rising population expected to reach 9.6 billion, we will need three planets to sustain our ways of living and consumption.
The WED theme this year is therefore "Seven Billion Dreams. One Planet. Consume with Care." Living within planetary boundaries is the most promising strategy for ensuring a healthy future. Human prosperity need not cost the earth. Living sustainably is about doing more and better with less. It is about knowing that rising rates of natural resource use and the environmental impacts that occur are not a necessary by-product of economic growth.
- See more at: http://www.unep.org/wed/theme/sustainable-consumpion.asp#sthash.f9dj5SKw.dpuf
Venue                           :        Besides “H” Block

Date                        :        5th June 2015

Time                        :        4.00 pm

Chief Guest                :        Mr. D. Ravindra Babu,
                                                Environmental Engineer,
                                Regional Office, APPCB, Kakinada.
All the Associates are requested to join the programme at the above venue.  Associates, who are on duty at the above time, shall obtain necessary permissions from Shift In-charge / Sectional Head for attending the programme.
                                                                                                                                       
Program Details:                                                                               

1.        Welcome address.
2.        Address by Vice President (Operations & Projects)
3.        Address by Chief Guest
4.           Presentation of Prizes to the winners of competitions
5.           Vote of Thanks
6.        Tree Plantation by Chief Guest, followed by Associates
7.        Refreshments
R Raghavan        
Vice President (Operations & Projects)                                                                
                                                                                                        To:
All Associates
All Notice Boards
 


















It’s time! Once again UNEP seeks to make the biggest global call and mobilization for action on 5 June, World Environment Day (WED). 
The theme for 2015 is how the well-being of humanity, the environment and economies ultimately depends on the responsible management of the planet’s natural resources. Evidence is building that people are consuming far more natural resources than what the planet can sustainably provide.
Many of the Earth’s ecosystems are nearing critical tipping points of depletion or irreversible change, pushed by high population growth and economic development. By 2050, if current consumption and production patterns remain the same and with a rising population expected to reach 9.6 billion, we will need three planets to sustain our way of life. Living well within planetary boundaries is the most promising strategy for ensuring a healthy future.



Seven Billion Dreams. One Planet. Consume with Care.
The well-being of humanity, the environment, and the functioning of the economy, ultimately depend upon the responsible management of the planet’s natural resources. Evidence is building that people are consuming far more natural resources than what the planet can sustainably provide.

Many of the Earth’s ecosystems are nearing critical tipping points of depletion or irreversible change, pushed by high population growth and economic development. By 2050, if current consumption and production patterns remain the same and with a rising population expected to reach 9.6 billion, we will need three planets to sustain our ways of living and consumption.
The WED theme this year is therefore "Seven Billion Dreams. One Planet. Consume with Care." Living within planetary boundaries is the most promising strategy for ensuring a healthy future. Human prosperity need not cost the earth. Living sustainably is about doing more and better with less. It is about knowing that rising rates of natural resource use and the environmental impacts that occur are not a necessary by-product of economic growth.

Seven Billion Dreams. One Planet. Consume with Care.

The well-being of humanity, the environment, and the functioning of the economy, ultimately depend upon the responsible management of the planet’s natural resources. Evidence is building that people are consuming far more natural resources than what the planet can sustainably provide.
Many of the Earth’s ecosystems are nearing critical tipping points of depletion or irreversible change, pushed by high population growth and economic development. By 2050, if current consumption and production patterns remain the same and with a rising population expected to reach 9.6 billion, we will need three planets to sustain our ways of living and consumption.
The WED theme this year is therefore "Seven Billion Dreams. One Planet. Consume with Care." Living within planetary boundaries is the most promising strategy for ensuring a healthy future. Human prosperity need not cost the earth. Living sustainably is about doing more and better with less. It is about knowing that rising rates of natural resource use and the environmental impacts that occur are not a necessary by-product of economic growth.
- See more at: http://www.unep.org/wed/theme/sustainable-consumpion.asp#sthash.f9dj5SKw.dpuf

Seven Billion Dreams. One Planet. Consume with Care.

The well-being of humanity, the environment, and the functioning of the economy, ultimately depend upon the responsible management of the planet’s natural resources. Evidence is building that people are consuming far more natural resources than what the planet can sustainably provide.
Many of the Earth’s ecosystems are nearing critical tipping points of depletion or irreversible change, pushed by high population growth and economic development. By 2050, if current consumption and production patterns remain the same and with a rising population expected to reach 9.6 billion, we will need three planets to sustain our ways of living and consumption.
The WED theme this year is therefore "Seven Billion Dreams. One Planet. Consume with Care." Living within planetary boundaries is the most promising strategy for ensuring a healthy future. Human prosperity need not cost the earth. Living sustainably is about doing more and better with less. It is about knowing that rising rates of natural resource use and the environmental impacts that occur are not a necessary by-product of economic growth.
- See more at: http://www.unep.org/wed/theme/sustainable-consumpion.asp#sthash.f9dj5SKw.dpuf
With best regards,
"Seven Billion Dreams. One Planet. Consume with Care."
(2015)
Dr. AMAR NATH GIRI
EHSQ , NFCL
M.Sc. -Environmental Science,Ph.D -Environmental Science law & DIPLOMA AS - P.G.D.E.P.L,CES, DCA,
EX IIM LUCKNOW FELLOW, EX RESEARCH SCIENTIST
IGIDR-MUMBAI 
9912511918
amarnathgiri@nagarjunagroup.com
http://www.nagarjunagroup.com
http://www.nagarjunafertilizers.com 
EHSQ BLOG : http://dramarnathgiri.blogspot.in/?view=magazine
http://dramarnathgiri.blogspot.in/2013/10/curriculum-vitae-of-dr-amar-nath-giri.html?q=BIO+DATA
http://dramarnathgiri.blogspot.in/2012/05/nagarjuna-management-services.html



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TEMA Learning -Heat Exchanger nomenclature & Designation:

June 3, 2015, 9:28 am
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TEMA Learning -Heat Exchanger nomenclature & Designation:

Heat Exchanger nomenclature & Designation:
The name is splited in three portions e.g 23-192-BEM

1st Position : 23 : Defines, ID of Vessel
2nd Position : 192 : Defines, Tube length
3rd Position : BEM : it further splited in three parts as per fing N-1.2
e.g B-E-M,
the 1st section, defines the Type of Front head (B for Bonnet Integral cover)
the 2nd section, defines the shell type (E - One pass shell)
the 3rd section, defines the type of rear head (M - Fixed tube sheet, stationary head)

See the image below
Typical heat exchanger configuration is shown in below image

Above figure shows typical flow arrangement inside a heat exchanger.

Typically for a heat exchanger, their are two type Tube Bundle exist. see the picture below.


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Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchangers Construction Details

June 3, 2015, 9:30 am
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Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchangers Construction Details 
         
The shell-and-tube heat exchanger is named for its two major components – round tubes mounted inside a cylindrical shell. 
  
The shell cylinder can be fabricated from rolled plate or from piping (up to 24 inch diameters).  The tubes are thin-walled tubing produced specifically for use in heat exchangers.  
   
Other components include: the channels (heads), tubesheets, baffles, tie rods & spacers, pass partition plates and expansion joint (when required).  Shell & tube heat exchanger designs and constructions are governed by the TEMA and ASME codes.   
heat exchanger components
Heat exchanger shell and baffle cage
Tubes  
      
Tubing may be seamless or welded.  Seamless tubing is produced in an extrusion process; welded tubing is produced by rolling a strip into a cylinder and welding the seam.  Welded tubing is usually more economical.  
  
Normal tube diameters are 5/8 inch, 3/4 inch and 1 inch.  Tubes of smaller diameter can be used but they are more difficult to clean mechanically.  Tubes of larger diameter are sometimes used either to facilitate mechanical cleaning or to achieve lower pressure drop.  
     
The normal tube wall thickness ranges from 12 to 16 BWG (from 0.109 inches to 0.065 inches thick).  Tubes with thinner walls (18 to 20 BWG) are used when the tubing material is relatively expensive such as titanium.  
  
Tubing may be finned to provide more heat transfer surface; finning is more common on the outside of the tubes, but is also available on the inside of the tubes.  High flux tubes are tubing with special surface to enhance heat transfer on either or both sides of the tube wall.  Inserts such as twisted tapes can be installed inside tubes to improve heat transfer especially when handling viscous fluids in laminar flow conditions.  Twisted tubes are also available.  These tubes can provide enhanced heat transfer in certain applications. 
 
 
Tubesheets 
     
Tubesheets are plates or forgings drilled to provide holes through which tubes are inserted.  Tubes are appropriately secured to the tubesheet so that the fluid on the shell side is prevented from mixing with the fluid on the tube side.  Holes are drilled in the tubesheet normally in either of two patterns, triangular or square.  
      
The distance between the centers of the tube hole is called the tube pitch; normally the tube pitch is 1.25 times the outside diameter of the tubes.  Other tube pitches are frequently used to reduce the shell side pressure drop and to control the velocity of the shell side fluid as it flows across the tube bundle.  Triangular pitch is most often applied because of higher heat transfer and compactness it provides.  Square pitch facilitates mechanical cleaning of the outside of the tubes.  
    
Two tubesheets are required except for U-tube bundles.  The tubes are inserted through the holes in the tubesheets and are held firmly in place either by welding or by mechanical or hydraulic expansion.  A rolled joint is the common term for a tube-to-tube sheet joint resulting from a mechanical expansion of the tube against the tubesheet.  This joint is most often achieved using roller expanders; hence the term rolled joint.  Less frequently, tubes are expanded by hydraulic processes to affect a mechanical bond.  Tubes can also be welded to the front or inboard face of the tubesheet.  Strength welding designates that the mechanical strength of the joint is provided primarily by the welding procedure and the tubes are only lightly expanded against the tubesheet to eliminate the crevice that would otherwise exist.  Seal welding designate that the mechanical strength of the joint is provided primarily by the tube expansion with the tubes welded to the tubesheet for better leak protection.  The cost of seal-welded joints is commonly justified by increased reliability, reduced maintenance costs, and fewer process leaks.  Seal-welded joints are required when clad tubesheets are used, when tubes with wall thickness less than 16 BWG (0.065 inch) are used, and for some metals that cannot be adequately expanded to achieve an acceptable mechanical bond (titanium and Alloy 2205 for instance).  
Heat exchanger tubesheet
Baffles 
  
Baffles serve three functions: 1) support the tube; 2) maintain the tube spacing; and 3) direct the flow of fluid in the desired pattern through the shell side.  
   
A segment, called the baffle cut, is cut away to permit the fluid to flow parallel to the tube axis as it flows from one baffle space to another.  Segmental cuts with the height of the segment approximately 25 percent of the shell diameter are normally the optimum.  Baffle cuts larger or smaller than the optimum typically result in poorly distributed shell side flow with large eddies, dead zones behind the baffles and pressure drops higher than expected.  
     
The spacing between segmental baffles is called the baffle pitch.  The baffle pitch and the baffle cut determine the cross flow velocity and hence the rate of heat transfer and the pressure drop.  The baffle pitch and baffle cut are selected during the heat exchanger design to yield the highest fluid velocity and heat transfer rate while respecting the allowable pressure drop.  
        
The orientation of the baffle cut is important for heat exchanger installed horizontally.  When the shell side heat transfer is sensible heating or cooling with no phase change, the baffle cut should be horizontal.  This causes the fluid to follow an up-and-down path and prevents stratification with warmer fluid at the top of the shell and cooler fluid at the bottom of the shell.   For shell side condensation, the baffle cut for segmental baffles is vertical to allow the condensate to flow towards the outlet without significant liquid holdup by the baffle.  For shell side boiling, the baffle cut may be either vertical or horizontal depending on the service.  
       
Other types of baffles are sometimes used such as: double segmental, triple segmental, helical baffle, EM baffle and ROD baffle.  Most of these types of baffles are designed to provide fluid flow paths other than cross flow.  These baffle types are typically used for unusual design conditions.  Longitudinal baffles are sometimes provided to divide the shell creating multiple passes on the shell side.  This type of heat exchangers is sometimes useful in heat recovery applications when several shell side passes allow to achieve a severe temperature cross.  
  
  
Tie Rods and Spacers 
  
Tie rods and spacers are used for two reasons:  1) hold the baffle assembly together; and 2) maintain the selected baffle spacing.   The tie rods are secured at one end to the tubesheet and at the other end to the last baffle.  They hold the baffle assembly together.  The spacers are placed over the tie rods between each baffle to maintain the selected baffle pitch. The minimum number of tie rod and spacers depends on the diameter of the shell and the size of the tie rod and spacers.  
 
   
Channels (Heads)  
            
Channels or heads are required for shell-and-tube heat exchangers to contain the tube side fluid and to provide the desired flow path.  
     
Many types of channels are available.  The three (3) letters TEMA designation is the standard method for identifying the type of channels and the type of shell of shell-and-tube heat exchangers.  The first letter of the TEMA designation represents the front channel type (where the tube side fluid enters the heat exchanger), the second letter represents the shell type and the last letter represents the rear channel type.  The TEMA channel types are shown below.        
TEMA front head types
TEMA rear head types
TEMA shell types
The channel type is selected based on the application.  Most channels can be removed for access to the tubes.  The most commonly used channel type is the bonnet.  It is used for services which do not require frequent removal of the channel for inspection or cleaning. The removable cover channel can be either flanged or welded to the tubesheet.  Flanges are usually not provided for units with larger shell diameters. The removable cover permits access to the channel and tubes for inspection or cleaning without the need to remove the tube side piping. Removable cover channels are provided when frequent access is required.  
  
The rear channel is often selected to match the front channel.  For example a heat exchanger with a bonnet at the front head (B channel) will often have a bonnet at the rear head (M channel) and will be designated as BEM.  However, there can be circumstances where they are different such as when removable bundles are used. 
  
Pass partitions are required in channels of heat exchangers with multiple tube passes.  The pass partition plates direct the tube side fluid through multiple passes.  The number of tube side passes is normally less than eight, although more than eight passes can in some cases be required.  Multiple tube passes allow to maximize the tube side heat transfer within the pressure drop constraint.  Typically, heat exchangers with liquid as the tube side fluid have multiple tube passes.  Most heat exchangers with large tube side volumetric gas flow rates have a single tube pass.  
Heat exchanger pass partitions
Typical Applications 
              
The shell-and-tube heat exchanger is by far the most common type of heat exchanger used in industry.  It can be fabricated from a wide range of materials both metallic and non-metallic. Design pressures range from full vacuum to 6,000 psi.  Design temperatures range from -250oC to 800oC.  Shell-and-tube heat exchangers can be used in almost all process heat transfer applications.  
          
The shell-and-tube design is more rugged than other types of heat exchangers.  It can stand more (physical and process) abuse.  However, it may not be the most economical or most efficient selection especially for heat recovery applications or for highly viscous fluids.  The shell-and-tube heat exchanger will perform poorly with any temperature crosses unless multiple units in series are employed. 
      
Typical applications include condensers, reboilers and process heaters and coolers.
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Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger Start-up and Shutdown Procedures

June 3, 2015, 9:32 am
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Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger Start-up and Shutdown Procedures 
   
  
Shell and tube heat exchangers are designed to eliminate problems from differential thermal expansion of the shell and the tubes.  When the temperature difference between the hot fluid and the cold fluid is large, a removable bundle or a floating head is used to avoid damage from the different thermal expansion rates of the tubes and the shell.
  
For extreme temperature differentials, the metal temperatures should be analyzed carefully.  Mechanical stress calculations should be performed to determine the consequences of any thermal shock on the heat exchanger.
    
In some cases, differential thermal expansion can be a problem at start-up or shutdown.  Many shell and tube heat exchangers have suffered damage during start-up and shutdown because the fluids were not introduced or removed in the proper sequence.
  
The table below offers suggestions on the order in which the hot and cold fluids should be introduced at start-up or removed at shutdown for different applications.
      
  
Exchanger
Type
Fluid Location 
Start-up Procedure
Shut-down Procedure
Shell Side
Tube Side
Fixed
Tubesheets		Liquid - HOTLiquid - COLDStart both fluids gradually at the same timeShut down both fluids gradually at the same time
Condensing gas - HOTLiquid or Gas - COLDStart hot fluid first, then slowly start the cold fluid.  Avoid temperature shockShut down cold fluid first, then hot fluid
Gas - HOTLiquid - COLDStart hot fluid first, then cold fluidShut down cold fluid gradually, then hot fluid
Liquid - COLDLiquid - HOTStart both fluids gradually at the same timeShut down both fluids gradually at the same time
Liquid - COLDGas - HOTStart cold fluid first, then hot fluidShut down hot fluid first, then cold fluid
Removable Bundle

u-tubes
floating head		Liquid - HOTLiquid - COLDStart hot fluid first, then cold fluid graduallyShut down hot fluid first, then cold fluid
Condensing gas - HOTLiquid or Gas - COLDStart hot fluid first, then cold fluid graduallyShut down hot fluid first, then cold fluid gradually
Gas - HOTLiquid - COLDStart hot fluid first, then cold fluid graduallyShut down hot fluid first, then cold fluid
Liquid - COLDLiquid - HOTStart cold fluid first, then hot fluid graduallyShut down hot fluid first, then cold fluid
Liquid - COLDGas - HOTStart cold fluid first, then hot fluid graduallyShut down hot fluid first, then cold fluid
        
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Non Destructive Testing of Welding

June 3, 2015, 9:37 am
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Non Destructive Testing of Welding


There are Numerous Non-Destructive tests used to evaluate the base metal to be joined as well as completed welds. However these all NDT shares several common elements, these essential elements are summarized below:

o A Source of Probing energy or Medium
o A Discontinuity must cause change or alteration of probing energy
o A means of detecting this change
o A means of indicating this change
o A means of observing or recording this indication so that an interpretation can made.
Over the years Numerous Non-Destructive Testing Methods have been developed, each one has associated with its various advantage & Limitations.
Followings are the Noted NDT Methods
o Penetrant Test (PT)
o Magnetic Particle Test (MT)
o Radiographic Test (RT)
o Ultrasonic Test (UT)
o Eddy Current Test (ET)   1. Penetrant Testing (PT)

Liquid penetration inspection is a method that is used to reveal surface breaking flaws by bleedout of a colored or fluorescent dye from the flaw. The technique is based on the ability of a liquid to be drawn into a "clean" surface breaking flaw by capillary action. After a period of time called the "dwell," excess surface

penetrant is removed and a developer applied.This acts as a "blotter." It draws the penetrant from the flaw to reveal its presence. Colored (contrast) penetrants require good white light while fluorescent penetrants need to be used in darkened conditions with an ultraviolet "black light".

Detection of Defect using Black-light


Table for Dwell time
2. Magnetic Testing (MT)

Magnetic particle inspection is a nondestructive testing method used for defect detection. MPI is a fast and relatively easy to apply and part surface preparation is not as critical as it is for some other NDT methods. These characteristics make MPI one of the most widely utilized nondestructive testing methods.  
      MPI uses magnetic fields and small magnetic particles, such as iron filings to detect flaws in components. The only requirement from an inspectability standpoint is that the component being inspected must be made of a ferromagnetic material such iron, nickel, cobalt, or some of their alloys. Ferromagnetic materials are materials that can be magnetized to a level that will allow the inspection to be effective.
     The method is used to inspect a variety of product forms such as castings, forgings, and weldments. Many different industries use magnetic particle inspection for determining a component's fitness-for-use. Some examples of industries that use magnetic particle inspection are the structural steel, automotive, petrochemical, power generation, and aerospace industries. Underwater inspection is another area where magnetic particle inspection may be used to test items such as offshore structures and underwater pipelines

Electromagnetic Yoke Detail Diagram

Electromagnetic Yoke Application



Application of Dry Powder

The Magnetic Field Intensity Measure


Defect Detection in Weld Using MPI (Dry Powder)


Before and after Inspection MPI Detection



3. Radiographic Testing
Covered in detail in my older post



4. Ultrasonic Testing (UT)
Ultrasonic Testing (UT) uses high frequency sound energy to conduct examinations and make measurements. Ultrasonic inspection can be used for flaw detection/evaluation, dimensional measurements, material characterization, and more. To illustrate the general inspection principle, a typical pulse/echo inspection configuration as illustrated below will be used.
 
A typical UT inspection system consists of several functional units, such as the pulser/receiver, transducer, and display devices. A pulser/receiver is an electronic device that can produce high voltage electrical pulse. Driven by the pulser, the transducer generates high frequency ultrasonic energy. The sound energy is introduced and propagates through the materials in the form of waves. When there is a discontinuity (such as a crack) in the wave path, part of the energy will be reflected back from the flaw surface. The reflected wave signal is transformed into electrical signal by the transducer and is displayed on a screen. In the applet below, the reflected signal strength is displayed versus the time from signal generation to when a echo was received. Signal travel time can be directly related to the distance that the signal traveled. From the signal, information about the reflector location, size, orientation and other features can sometimes be gained.
cross-section of the Probe


Beam spread occurs because the vibrating particle of the material (through which the wave is traveling) do not always transfer all of their energy in the direction of wave propagation. Recall that waves propagate through that transfer of energy from one particle to another in the medium. If the particles are not directly aligned in the direction of wave propagation, some of the energy will get transferred off at an angle. (Picture what happens when one ball hits another second ball slightly off center). In the near field constructive and destructive wave interference fill the sound field with fluctuation. At the start of the far field, however, the beam strength is always greatest at the center of the beam and diminishes as it spreads outward.
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Weld - Defects

June 3, 2015, 9:40 am
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Weld - Defects

We talk about type of welds & weld joints, the talk on welding will be incomplete if we don't talk about weld defect!




Some weld defects are visible, some are visible with aide & some are invisible and need extra process to reveal them.

Before we go into process of different methods to see those defect, one must first know what are those defects?

Let me show you some defects & with their names
  • Spatter
  • Incomplete Fusion

  • Incomplete Penetration

  •  Overlap
  • Porosity 
  • Undercut 
  • Underfill 

Some are Visiable in Radiography!
Burn Thru
Cluster Porosity 
Excessive Reinforcement 
External Undercut 
Internal Undercut 
lack of penetration 
lack of fusion 
 Porosity
Suck Back 
Tungsten Inclusion 
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Weather Report and Forecast For: Kakinada Dated :Jun 03, 2015

June 3, 2015, 5:50 pm
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Local Weather Report and Forecast For: Kakinada    Dated :Jun 03, 2015
Kakinada
Past 24 Hours Weather Data
Maximum Temp(oC)34.2
Departure from Normal(oC)-4
Minimum Temp (oC)28.0
Departure from Normal(oC)0
24 Hours Rainfall (mm)NIL
Todays Sunset (IST)18:32
Tommorows Sunrise (IST)05:27
Moonset (IST)05:56
Moonrise (IST)19:12
Today's Forecast:Sky condition would be generally cloudy. Maximum & Minimum temperatures would be around 34 and 26 degrees Celsius respectively.
Date Temperature ( o C ) Weather Forecast
Minimum Maximum
04-Jun 26.0 34.0 Mainly or Generally cloudy sky with possibility of rain or Thunderstorm
05-Jun 25.0 34.0 Partly cloudy sky with Thundery development
06-Jun 25.0 35.0 Partly cloudy sky with Thundery development
07-Jun 24.0 35.0 Partly cloudy sky with Thundery development
08-Jun 24.0 35.0 Partly cloudy sky with Thundery development
09-Jun 24.0 34.0 Partly cloudy sky with Thundery development






W UNDERGROUND --------03.06.2015 REPORT

Actual
Average
Record
Temperature

Mean Temperature
31 °C
-

Max Temperature
34 °C
-
- ()
Min Temperature
28 °C
-
- ()
Cooling Degree Days
22


Growing Degree Days
38 (Base 50)


Moisture

Dew Point
25 °C


Average Humidity
72


Maximum Humidity
84


Minimum Humidity
59


Precipitation

Precipitation
0.0 mm
-
- ()
Sea Level Pressure

Sea Level Pressure
1005.37 hPa


Wind

Wind Speed
1 km/h ()


Max Wind Speed
4 km/h


Max Gust Speed
-


Visibility
7.0 kilometers


Events
 



T = Trace of Precipitation, MM = Missing Value
Daily Weather History Graph

Daily Weather History Graph









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UN climate conference warned that 2 degrees global warming is not 'safe'

June 4, 2015, 5:15 am
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UN climate conference warned that 2 degrees global warming is not 'safe'

a thermometer showing 35C with sky background
1.5 degrees may be a better upper limit for climate change than 2. Credit: david_addimage (iStockphoto)
t
A report presented to a UN climate conference in Germany warns that global warming limit of 2 degrees Celsius is not 'safe' and proposes a new target of 1.5 degrees.
HAMFUL IMPACTS OF global warming such as heat waves and sea level rise are mounting and show a need for a "radical transition" to a greener economy, said a study presented at United Nations climate talks on Tuesday.
Damage is growing even though average temperatures have risen only 0.85 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial times, less than half the 2°C set as a maximum acceptable rise by almost 200 nations, it said.
"Negative impacts are not only something in the future — they are something now," said Zou Ji, a co-leader of the UN review of consultations about science policy for governments working on a UN climate deal in Paris in December.
The report, based on talks between experts and governments, was presented the sidelines of June 1 to 11 talks on the Paris accord, taking place in Bonn, Germany. All present at the unveiling of the report said government promises so far for curbs on greenhouse gas emissions were too weak to stay below the 2°C goal.
"Limiting global warming to below 2°C necessitates a radical transition ... not merely a fine tuning of current trends," according to the report.
Such a transition would mean deep cuts in greenhouse gases, shifting from fossil fuels such as coal and oil to renewable energies such as wind, hydro and solar power, it said.
The report also concluded that the 2°C goal was too often wrongly viewed as an acceptable maximum, a 'guardrail' up to which climate change would be manageable.
But impacts of climate change, such as damage to coral reefs or the melting of Greenland's ice that is raising sea levels, showed risks were already increasing.
"The guardrail concept in which up to 2°C would be considered safe would be better seen as an upper limit, a defence line," said Andreas Fischlin, a co-leader of the report.
Thomas Stocker, a senior Swiss scientist from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, the climate science advisory body to the UN, said governments faced tough choices in managing the risks of warming.
"The elephant in the room is what we can do to change the trend in emissions," he told delegates.
Many developing nations favour setting a ceiling of 1.5°C above pre-industrial times, arguing that their economies are vulnerable to impacts such as storms, floods, droughts and sea level rise.
Collin Beck, representing the Solomon Islands, said scientists should do more to examine ways to set up a defence line against 1.5°C.


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World Environment Day Quotes

June 4, 2015, 5:24 am
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World Environment Day Quotes

Some of the famous quotes (written by the famous personalities) on world environment day are mentioned below:
  • “The environment is everything that isn’t me”. – Albert Einstein
  • “God has cared for these trees, saved them from drought, disease, avalanches, and a thousand tempests and floods. But he cannot save them from fools”. – John Muir
  • “Thank God men cannot fly, and lay waste the sky as well as the earth”. – Henry David Thoreau
  • “Never doubt that a small group of thoughtful, committed citizens can change the world; indeed, it’s the only thing that ever has”. – Margaret Mead
  • “We won’t have a society if we destroy the environment”. – Margaret Mead
  • “It is horrifying that we have to fight our own government to save the environment”. – Ansel Adams
  • “I think the environment should be put in the category of our national security. Defense of our resources is just as important as defense abroad. Otherwise what is there to defend”? – Robert Redford
  • “Take a course in good water and air; and in the eternal youth of Nature you may renew your own. Go quietly, alone; no harm will befall you”. – John Muir
  • “Birds are indicators of the environment. If they are in trouble, we know we’ll soon be in trouble”. – Roger Tory Peterson
  • “By polluting clear water with slime you will never find good drinking water”. – Aeschylus
  • “If we do not permit the earth to produce beauty and joy, it will in the end not produce food, either”. – Joseph Wood Krutch
  • “They claim this mother of ours, the Earth, for their own use, and fence their neighbors away from her, and deface her with their buildings and their refuse”. – Sitting Bull
  • “Conservation is a state of harmony between men and land”. – Aldo Leopold
  • “After all, sustainability means running the global environment – Earth Inc. – like a corporation: with depreciation, amortization and maintenance accounts. In other words, keeping the asset whole, rather than undermining your natural capital”. – Maurice Strong
  • “Harmony with land is like harmony with a friend; you cannot cherish his right hand and chop off his left”. – Aldo Leopold
  • “You will die but the carbon will not; its career does not end with you. It will return to the soil, and there a plant may take it up again in time, sending it once more on a cycle of plant and animal life”. -Jacob Bronowski
  • “People blame their environment. There is only one person to blame – and only one – themselves”. – Robert Collier
  • “I can find God in nature, in animals, in birds and the environment”. – Pat Buckley
  • “We must return to nature and nature’s god”. – Luther Burbank
  • “The only way forward, if we are going to improve the quality of the environment, is to get everybody involved”. – Richard Rogers
  • “Journey with me to a true commitment to our environment. Journey with me to the serenity of leaving to our children a planet in equilibrium”. – Paul Tsongas
  • “Environmental degradation, overpopulation, refugees, narcotics, terrorism, world crime movements, and organized crime are worldwide problems that don’t stop at a nation’s borders”. – Warren Christopher
  • “I think the government has to reposition environment on top of their national and international priorities”. – Brian Mulroney
  • “Environmental concern is now firmly embedded in public life: in education, medicine and law; in journalism, literature and art”. – Barry Commoner
  • “Earth Day 1970 was irrefutable evidence that the American people understood the environmental threat and wanted action to resolve it”. – Barry Commoner
  • “The government should set a goal for a clean environment but not mandate how that goal should be implemented”. – Dixie Lee Ray
  • “Why has it seemed that the only way to protect the environment is with heavy-handed government regulation”? – Gale Norton
  • “The most important environmental issue is one that is rarely mentioned, and that is the lack of a conservation ethic in our culture”. – Gaylord Nelson
  • “Earth provides enough to satisfy every man’s needs, but not every man’s greed”. – Mahatma Gandhi
  • “What we are doing to the forests of the world is but a mirror reflection of what we are doing to ourselves and to one another”. – Mahatma Gandhi
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World Environment Day Theme and Slogan

June 4, 2015, 5:25 am
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World Environment Day Theme and Slogan

Each year celebration of the World Environment Day is based on the particular theme decided by the United Nations to make the celebration more effective by encouraging mass people worldwide to hugely take part in addressing environmental issues on global scale. Year wise list of the themes and slogans of world environment day are mentioned below:
  • The theme of the year 2015 would be “One World, One Environment”.
  • The theme of the year 2014 was “small island developing states” or “SIDS” and “Raise your voice, not the sea level”.
  • The theme of the year 2013 was “Think. Eat. Save.” And slogan was “Reduce Your Foodprint”.
  • The theme of the year 2012 was “Green Economy: Does it include you?”.
  • The theme of the year 2011 was “Forests: Nature at your Service”.
  • The theme of the year 2010 was “Many Species. One Planet. One Future”.
  • The theme of the year 2009 was “Your Planet Needs You – Unite to Combat Climate Change”.
  • The theme and slogan of the year 2008 was “CO2, Kick the Habit – Towards a Low Carbon Economy”.
  • The theme of the year 2007 was “Melting Ice – a Hot Topic?”.
  • The theme of the year 2006 was “Deserts and Desertification” and slogan was “Don’t Desert Drylands!.”
  • The theme of the year 2005 was “Green Cities” and slogan was “Plan for the Planet!”.
  • The theme of the year 2004 was “Wanted! Seas and Oceans” and slogan was “Dead or Alive?”.
  • The theme of the year 2003 was “Water” and slogan was “Two Billion People are Dying for It!”.
  • The theme of the year 2002 was “Give Earth a Chance”.
  • The theme of the year 2001 was “Connect with the World Wide Web of Life”.
  • The theme of the year 2000 was “The Environment Millennium” and slogan was “Time to Act”.
  • The theme of the year 1999 was “Our Earth – Our Future” and slogan was “Just Save It!”.
  • The theme of the year 1998 was “For Life on Earth and slogan was “Save Our Seas”.
  • The theme of the year 1997 was “For Life on Earth”.
  • The theme of the year 1996 was “Our Earth, Our Habitat, Our Home”.
  • The theme of the year 1995 was “We the Peoples: United for the Global Environment”.
  • The theme of the year 1994 was “One Earth One Family”.
  • The theme of the year 1993 was “Poverty and the Environment and slogan was “Breaking the Vicious Circle”.
  • The theme of the year 1992 was “Only One Earth, Care and Share”.
  • The theme of the year 1991 was “Climate Change. Need for Global Partnership”.
  • The theme of the year 1990 was “Children and the Environment”.
  • The theme of the year 1989 was “Global Warming; Global Warning”.
  • The theme of the year 1988 was “When People Put the Environment First, Development Will Last”.
  • The theme of the year 1987 was “Environment and Shelter: More Than A Roof”.
  • The theme of the year 1986 was “A Tree for Peace”.
  • The theme of the year 1985 was “Youth: Population and the Environment”.
  • The theme of the year 1984 was “Desertification”.
  • The theme of the year 1983 was “Managing and Disposing Hazardous Waste: Acid Rain and Energy”.
  • The theme of the year 1982 was “Ten Years after Stockholm (Renewal of Environmental Concerns)”.
  • The theme of the year 1981 was “Ground Water; Toxic Chemicals in Human Food Chains”.
  • The theme of the year 1980 was “A New Challenge for the New Decade: Development without Destruction”.
  • The theme of the year 1979 was “Only One Future for Our Children and slogan was “Development without Destruction”.
  • The theme of the year 1978 was “Development without Destruction”.
  • The theme of the year 1977 was “Ozone Layer Environmental Concern; Lands Loss and Soil Degradation”.
  • The theme of the year 1976 was “Water: Vital Resource for Life”.
  • The theme of the year 1975 was “Human Settlements”.
  • The theme of the year 1974 was “Only one Earth during Expo ’74”.
  • The theme of the year 1973 was “Only one Earth”.

World Environment Day celebrations have been (and will be) hosted in the following cities:
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Environment_Day

YearThemeHost city
1974Only one Earth during Expo '74Spokane, United States
1975Human SettlementsDhaka, Bangladesh
1976Water: Vital Resource for LifeCanada
1977Ozone Layer Environmental Concern; Lands Loss and Soil DegradationSylhet, Bangladesh
1978Development Without DestructionSylhet, Bangladesh
1979Only One Future for Our Children – Development Without DestructionSylhet, Bangladesh
1980A New Challenge for the New Decade: Development Without DestructionSylhet, Bangladesh
1981Ground Water; Toxic Chemicals in Human Food ChainsSylhet, Bangladesh
1982Ten Years After Stockholm (Renewal of Environmental Concerns)Dhaka, Bangladesh
1983Managing and Disposing Hazardous Waste: Acid Rain and EnergySylhet, Bangladesh
1984DesertificationRajshahi, Bangladesh
1985Youth: Population and the EnvironmentPakistan
1986A Tree for PeaceOntario, Canada
1987Environment and Shelter: More Than A RoofNairobi, Kenya
1988When People Put the Environment First, Development Will LastBangkok, Thailand
1989Global Warming; Global WarningBrussels, Belgium
1990Children and the EnvironmentMexico City, Mexico
1991Climate Change. Need for Global PartnershipStockholm, Sweden
1992Only One Earth, Care and ShareRio de Janeiro, Brazil
1993Poverty and the Environment – Breaking the Vicious CircleBeijing, People's Republic of China
1994One Earth One FamilyLondon, United Kingdom
1995We the Peoples: United for the Global EnvironmentPretoria, South Africa
1996Our Earth, Our Habitat, Our HomeIstanbul, Turkey
1997For Life on EarthSeoul, Republic of Korea
1998For Life on Earth – Save Our SeasMoscow, Russian Federation
1999Our Earth – Our Future – Just Save It!Tokyo, Japan
2000The Environment Millennium – Time to ActAdelaide, Australia
2001Connect with the World Wide Web of LifeTorino, Italy and Havana, Cuba
2002Give Earth a ChanceShenzhen, People's Republic of China
2003Water – Two Billion People are Dying for It!Beirut, Lebanon
2004Wanted! Seas and Oceans – Dead or Alive?Barcelona, Spain
2005Green Cities – Plan for the Planet!San Francisco, United States
2006Deserts and Desertification – Don't Desert Drylands!Algiers, Algeria
2007Melting Ice – a Hot Topic?London, England
2008Kick The Habit – Towards A Low Carbon EconomyWellington, New Zealand
2009Your Planet Needs You – Unite to Combat Climate ChangeMexico City, Mexico
2010Many Species. One Planet. One FutureRangpur, Bangladesh
2011Forests: Nature at your ServiceNew Delhi, India
2012Green Economy: Does it include you?Brazil
2013Think.Eat.Save. Reduce Your FoodprintMongolia
2014Raise your voice, not the sea levelbarbados,
2015Seven Billion Dreams. One Planet. Consume with Care.Italy
2016Join the race to make world a better placeSaudi Arabia
    ↧

    Why World Environment Day is Celebrated

    June 4, 2015, 5:26 am
    $
    0
    0

    Why World Environment Day is Celebrated

    World environment day annual celebration campaign was started to address the huge environmental issues like wastage and losses of food, deforestation, increasing global warming and so many. Every year celebration is planned according to the particular theme and slogan of the year to bring effectiveness in the campaign all through the world.
    It is celebrated to successfully get carbon neutrality, focusing on the forest management, reducing greenhouse effects, promoting bio-fuels production by planting on degraded lands, use of hydro-power to enhance electricity production, encourage common public to use solar water heaters, energy production through solar sources, developing new drainage systems, promoting coral reefs and mangroves restoration in order to get prevented from flooding and erosion including other ways of environmental preservation. Some of the objectives of the world environment day campaign are mentioned below:
    • It is celebrated to make aware the common public about the environmental issues.
    • Encourage common people from different society and communities to actively participate in the celebration as well as become an active agent in developing environmental safety measures.
    • Let them know that community people are very essential to inhibit negative changes towards the environmental issues.
    • Encourage people to make their nearby surroundings safe and clean to enjoy safer, cleaner and more prosperous future.

    World Environment Day Activities

    Variety of activities are planned to celebrate this great event in different countries to encourage more people towards the celebration. Various news channels take part very actively in the celebration to cover the news and distribute messages about the celebration among common public through their news publications to bring effective and positive changes towards the environment to solve all the environmental issues. Some of the national and international level activities include street rallies, tree plantation, garbage recycling, surrounding areas clean-up, parades and so many activities in order to draw people attention towards wide range of environmental issues as well as bring difference.
    People of all age groups actively involve during the celebration to save their planet in original form as gifted by the nature. Especially modern day youths hugely take part in the celebration through many activities such as clean up campaigns, art exhibitions, motivating people for tree-planting, dance activities, recycling garbage, film festivals, community events, essays writing, poster competitions, social media campaigns and lot more. Many awareness campaigns are also run at schools, colleges and other educational institutions to motivate students towards their environmental safety. The celebration takes place at national and international level by organizing various activities in the public places to aware common public about the real causes of environment status degradation as well as let them know what steps should be taken to solve such environmental issues.
    ↧
    Search

    List of environmental dates

    June 4, 2015, 5:33 am
    $
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    Name

    Date
    World Wetlands Day
    02-02: February 2

    International Polar Bear Day
    02-27: February 27

    World Wildlife Day
    03-03: March 3

    International Day of Action for Rivers
    03-14: March 14

    World Consumer Rights Day
    03-15 : March 15

    World Sparrow Day
    03-20: March 20

    International Day of Forests
    03-21: March 21

    World Planting Day
    03-21: March 21

    World Wood Day
    03-21: March 21

    World Water Day
    03-22: March 22

    Earth Day
    04-22: April 22nd[1]

    Arbor Day
    04: Last Friday in April (each state also has its own observation based on best tree planting time)

    Day of Remembrance for all Victims of Chemical Warfare
    04-29: April 29

    Green Up Day
    05: first Saturday of May in Vermont

    Greenery Day
    05-04: May 4 in Japan (previously April 29)

    World Migratory Bird Day
    second Saturday in May

    International Migratory Bird Day
    second Saturday in May (in the U.S. and Canada) and second Saturday in October (in Mexico, Central and South America, and the Caribbean)

    International Day for Biological Diversity (World Biodiversity Day)
    05-22: May 22

    European day of parks (Europarc)
    05-24: May 24

    Bike-to-Work Day
    05: Third Friday in May

    World Environment Day
    06-05: June 5

    World Oceans Day
    06-08: June 8

    Global Wind Day
    06-15: June 15

    World Day to Combat Desertification and Drought
    06-17: June 17

    World Population Day
    07-11: July 11

    International Tiger Day
    07-29: July 29

    World Elephant Day
    08-12: August 12

    National Honey Bee Day
    08-22: August 22

    International Day for the Preservation of the Ozone Layer
    09-16: September 16

    Clean Up the World
    09-17 to 09-19: Weekend - September 16-18

    World Water Monitoring Day
    09-18: September 18

    Zero Emissions Day
    09-21: September 21

    Car Free Day
    09-22: September 22

    Ecological Debt Day (Earth Overshoot Day)
    09-23: September 23 in 2008, but receding

    World Environmental Health Day
    09-26: September 26 since 2011 (IFEH)

    World Rivers Day
    09: every last Sunday in September

    World Habitat Day
    10: first Monday in October

    International Day for Natural Disaster Reduction
    10: second Wednesday in October

    Sustainability Day
    10: fourth Wednesday of October

    International Day of Climate Action
    10-24: October 24

    International Day for Preventing the Exploitation of the Environment in War and Armed Conflict
    11-06: November 6

    America Recycles Day
    11-15: November 15

    World Soil Day
    12-05: December 5

    International Mountain Day
    12-11: December 11

    Ozone Action Day
    at certain times during the summer months

    eDay
    variable date
    ↧

    Waste Not Want Not

    June 4, 2015, 8:13 am
    $
    0
    0


    Waste Not Want Not
    From Wasted Economy to Wasted Planet: Why Changing Our Consumption Patterns is a Choice We Must Make!
    An Editorial by Achim Steiner, UN Under-Secretary-General and Executive Director of the UN Environment Programme
    As we sit down to lunch or dinner on this World Environment Day, it is important to consider this: one-third of all food produced globally each year – 300 million tonnes – is wasted. This waste costs the global economy a staggering one trillion dollars a year.
    Industrialized regions account for almost half of the total. The food we discard is still fit for human consumption and could feed more than 800 million people in the world today.
    This is just the tip of the waste iceberg, and serves as a proxy for the ‘ecological footprint’ of our entire global economy. Our global food system is responsible for 80 per cent of deforestation and is the largest single cause of species and biodiversity loss.
    It is also responsible for more than 70 per cent of freshwater consumption.  A beef burger on your lunch plate could require an incredible 2400 litres of water to produce. Would you like fries with that? Add a another 100 litres, not to mention the impact of pesticides and non-degradable packaging.
    Bon appetite.
    Here is the startling truth: Our global consumption is already one-and-a-half times the Earth’s carrying capacity.  If current population and consumption trends continue, humanity will need the equivalent of two Earths to support itself by 2030.
    With the global population forecast to reach 9 billion by mid-century, demands on these depleting resources will only compound, exacerbated by increasing pollution, conflicts over resources, and the effects of an atmosphere being rapidly heated by human greenhouse gas emissions, all of which could substantially lower global GDP. Record droughts, floods, choking air pollution and species threatened with extinction have become a regular feature in our daily news.
    While some may dream of colonizing other planets, we cannot escape the conclusion that on this Earth, ‘business-as-usual’ cannot maintain our 21st century lifestyles, let alone trying to lift a billion people out of absolute poverty and accomodate an additional 1 to 3 billion middle class consumers.
    Our only choice to grow our economies is to radically increase what economists call ‘productivity’ – doing more with less. We must shift patterns of both our production and consumption from our current linear economic system of extraction, production, consumption and waste, to a inclusive green economy that mimics natural processes where is there is no concept of ‘waste’ – just food for another organism or process.
    A green economy can improve human well-being and social equity while significantly reducing environmental risks, costs, and ecological scarcities. In its simplest expression, a green economy is low-carbon, resource-efficient and socially inclusive. In terms of productivity, a green economy ‘decouples’ economic growth from the rate of natural resource consumption, and thus environmental degradation.
    The good news is that this is already happening in parts of the global economy, although not nearly fast enough. Today, 65 countries have embarked on green economy and related strategies. This includes many countries engaged with the Partnership for Action on Green Economy (PAGE) to shift investment and policies towards clean technologies, resource-efficient infrastructure, well-functioning ecosystems, green skilled labour and good governance.
    As an input to virtually every human product or process, energy is a proxy for impacts and progress. In just a few decades, the renewable energy sector has grown almost exponentially and accounted for nearly half of all installed electrical generating capacity in 2014, excluding large hydro. The International Energy Agency (IEA) estimates that boosting energy efficiency alone could not only provide a 10 per cent reduction in global energy demand by 2030, but also save $560 billion.
    In all, harnessing existing technologies and appropriate policies to increase resource productivity would liberate $3.7 trillion globally each year that is otherwise wasted. These currently wasted funds could be invested in substantial health, education and development objectives.
    One of the keys to productivity and decoupling environmental damage from GDP is to make prices tell the environmental truth. Again, the energy sector shows how important this can be. The International Monetary Fund estimates that the total cost of public subsidy to fossil fuels amounts to more than 5 trillion dollars a year when direct and indirect subsidies are counted.  
    Getting price signals right, educating consumers and making policies that foster a green economy are not only desirable, they are essential. How well we succeed will determine whether the ‘Anthropocene’ is an age when more than 9 billion people have access to food, energy and security without compromising the vital life support systems of our planet.
    ↧
    ↧

    Everyone can make a difference in caring for the planet on World Environment Day, through simple steps.

    June 4, 2015, 9:07 am
    $
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    WED A to Z
    Everyone can make a difference in caring for the planet on World Environment Day, through simple steps.
    A
    Act today. Now is the day you make the decision to care for the environment. Every action counts.
    Avoid increasing your daily carbon (CO2) footprint -- the main greenhouse gas contributing to the warming atmosphere. Simple steps, like carpooling, or walking instead of driving can help!
    Ask Google for a WED Doodle at proposals@google.com
     B
    Bring your own eco-bag or basket when going to the market or grocery store, to avoid using plastic bags.
    Bike to your destination! It’s not just earth-friendly, it’s healthy too!
    C
    Consume smartly. The less waste we throw into landfills, the less harmful greenhouse gases are released into the planet’s warming atmosphere. 
    Curb climate change by reducing your CO2  footprint!
    Clean up! Organize a trash collection drive in your neighborhood.
     D
    Discover an alternative to using traditional wrapping paper for birthday gifts – like scarves, old newspapers or discarded maps or magazines.
     E
    E-mail your friends and colleagues about World Environment Day and invite them to take action!
    Explore how you can save electricity at home, at work or school.
     F
    Friend us on Facebook.  Go to https://www.facebook.com/unep.org and share your WED activity
    Find out more about your carbon footprint.
     G
    Learn about the Green Passport, a more earth-friendly way to travel.
    Google all the ways you can go Green.
     H
    Host an event—an art exhibit, tree-planting or football match- on WED!
    Find out about the Happy Planet Index. A green carbon footprint is one of the ingredients of happiness.
     I
    Instagram your #WED2014 #WorldEnvironmentDay activity
    Invite people to learn about the harmful effects of climate change, request an expert to hold a class or lecture at your local community center
    Improve the insulation of your home – it will really help reduce your energy consumption…and greenhouse gas emissions.
    J
    Join the WED community in more than 70 countries in celebrating the biggest day for positive environmental action.
     K
    Keep your recyclable bottles, bottle caps and craft them into badges, games and more.
    Keep your cup! When traveling on airplanes, ask to reuse your plastic cup.
    L
    Learn about Sustainable Lifestyles at www.unep.org/wed
    Launch a newspaper and bottle collection drive in your neighborhood.
     M
    Mobilize your networks! Message your friends about WED — Facebook, Twitter (icons), orkut, SMS, text, phone, email — it doesn’t matter how, just get the word out!
    N
    No one is an island. The environmental issues that face the islands are the issues that face us all.  Notify everyone you know about World Environment Day.
     O
    Optimize the use of your washing machine – use the cold-wash option and significantly save energy and reduce your daily carbon emissions.
    Offset your travel whenever possible – most airlines provide an option to do this when you book your tickets.
    Opt for public transport whenever possible. Saving energy not only cuts down on fossil fuel burning (a major source of heat-inducing CO2), it also helps you save money!
     P
    Post the WED logo, video and theme on your website or Facebook and spread the word.
    Plant a tree, better yet, organize a tree-planting drive on WED! 
    Planet Earth is our shared island – let’s take action together to protect it.
     Q
    Quantify how much money you could save each cold winter if you lowered the temperature inside your home by 2 degrees Celsius. It could reduce your energy consumption by 14 percent!!!
     R
    Reduce. Reuse. Recycle. The less waste we throw into landfills, the less harmful greenhouse gases are released into the planet’s atmosphere. 
    Register a WED activity today unep.org/wed/register
    S
    Support Sports that promote environmental causes. Learn more
    Switch your light bulbs to fluorescents. Save energy and money!
     T
    Tweet  #WorldEnvironmentDay #WED2014  #Islands2014 #Climate2014  and help spread the word about the environment.
    Travel green. Try to reduce your environmental impact by taking public transportation.
     U
    Understand your options. Learn about the small ways you, as an individual, can make a positive impact on the environment.
     V
    Visit your local botanic garden or town center and learn about how to nurture nature.
    Videoblog about your activity!
    Vanish energy vampires— appliances that suck energy even when not being used – by unplugging them or using power strips.
    ↧

    THESE ARE THE ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES WE MUST HAVE TO THINK

    June 4, 2015, 9:13 am
    $
    0
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    DrAmar Nath Giri
    Just now·
    THESE ARE THE ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES WE MUST HAVE TO THINK , RETHINK =THINK GLOBAL ACT LOCAL
    Issues
    • Human overpopulation — Biocapacity • Carrying capacity • Exploitation • Industrialisation • I = PAT • Land degradation • Land reclamation • Optimum population • Overshoot (population) • Population density • Population dynamics • Population growth • Projections of population growth • Total fertility rate • Urbanization • Waste • Water conflict • Water scarcity • Overdrafting
    • Hydrology — Environmental impacts of reservoirs • Tile drainage • Hydrology (agriculture) • Flooding• Landslide •
    • Intensive farming — Environmental effects of meat production •Intensive animal farming • Intensive crop farming• Irrigation • Monoculture • Nutrient pollution • Overgrazing • Pesticide drift • Plasticulture • Slash and burn • Tile drainage
    • Land use — Built environment • Desertification • Habitat fragmentation • Habitat destruction • Land degradation — Land pollution • Lawn-environmental concerns • Urban heat island • Urban sprawl
    • Nanotechnology — Implications of nanotechnology
    • Nuclear issues — Nuclear fallout • Nuclear meltdown • Nuclear power • Nuclear weapons • Nuclear and radiation accidents • Nuclear safety • High-level radioactive waste management •
    Effects
    • Climate change — Global warming • Global dimming • Fossil fuels • Sea level rise • Greenhouse gas • Ocean acidification • Shutdown of thermohaline circulation • Environmental impact of the coal industry • Urban Heat Islands • Flooding
    • Environmental degradation — Habitat destruction • Invasive species
    • Environmental health — Air quality • Asthma • Birth defect • Developmental disability • endocrine disruptors • Environmental impact of the coal industry •Environmental impact of nanotechnology • Electromagnetic fields • Electromagnetic radiation and health • Indoor air quality • Lead poisoning • Leukemia •Nanotoxicology •Nature deficit disorder •One Health • Sick Building Syndrome • Environmental impact of hydraulic fracturing
    • Environmental issues with energy — Environmental impact of the coal industry • Environmental impact of the energy industry • Environmental impact of hydraulic fracturing •
    • Environmental issues with war - Agent Orange • Depleted Uranium• Military Superfund site (Category only)•Scorched earth • War and environmental law • Unexploded ordnance
    • Overpopulation — Burial • Overpopulation in companion animals • Tragedy of the commons • Gender Imbalance in Developing Countries • Sub-replacement fertility levels in developed countries•
    • Genetic engineering — Genetic pollution • Genetically modified food controversies
    • Pollution — Nonpoint source pollution • Point source pollution •
    Air pollution — Environmental impact of the coal industry • Environmental impact of hydraulic fracturing • Indoor air quality • Smog • Tropospheric ozone • Volatile organic compound Atmospheric particulate matter CFC • Biological effects of UV exposure
    Light pollution • Visual pollution •
    Noise pollution •
    Soil pollution — Alkali soil •Brownfield • Residual Sodium Carbonate Index • Soil conservation • Soil erosion • Soil contamination • Soil salination • Superfund• Superfund sites
    Space debris • Interplanetary contamination * Ozone depletion
    Water pollution — Acid rain •Agricultural runoff •Algal bloom • Environmental impact of the coal industry • Environmental impact of hydraulic fracturing• Eutrophication • Fish kill •Groundwater contamination• Groundwater recharge • Marine debris • Marine pollution •Mercury in fish• Microplastics • Ocean acidification • Ocean dumping • ocean pollution •Oil spills• Soda lake •Ship pollution • Thermal pollution • Urban runoff • Wastewater
    • Resource depletion — Exploitation of natural resources • Overdrafting (groundwater) •Overexploitation
    Consumerism — Consumer capitalism • Planned obsolescence • Over-consumption
    Fishing — Blast fishing • Bottom trawling • Cyanide fishing • Ghost nets • Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing • Overfishing • Shark finning • Whaling
    Logging — Clearcutting • Deforestation • Illegal logging
    Mining — Acid mine drainage • Environmental impact of hydraulic fracturing • Mountaintop removal mining • Slurry impoundments
    Water (depletion) — Anoxic waters • Aral Sea • California Water Wars • Dead Sea • Lake Chad • Water scarcity
    • Toxicants — Agent Orange • Asbestos • Beryllium • Bioaccumulation • Biomagnification • Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) • Cyanide • DDT • Endocrine disruptors • Explosives • Environmental impact of the coal industry • Herbicides • Hydrocarbons • Perchlorate • Pesticides • PBDE • Persistent organic pollutant • PBBs • PBDEs • Toxic heavy metals • PCB • Dioxin • Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons • Radioactive contamination • Volatile organic compounds
    • Waste — Electronic waste • Great Pacific Garbage Patch • Illegal dumping • Incineration • Litter • Waste disposal incidents • Marine debris • Medical waste • Landfill • Leachate • Toxic waste • Environmental impact of the coal industry • Exporting of hazardous waste
    Mitigation
    • Conservation
    Ecosystems — Anoxic waters • Biodiversity • Biosecurity • Coral bleaching • Edge effect • Habitat destruction • Habitat fragmentation • In-situ leach
    Fishing — Blast fishing • Bottom trawling • By-catch • Cetacean bycatch • Gillnetting • Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing • Environmental effects of fishing • Marine pollution• Overfishing • Whaling
    Forests — Clearcutting • Deforestation • Illegal logging
    Natural resources — Resource depletion • Exploitation of natural resources
    Species — Endangered species • Genetic diversity • Habitat destruction • Holocene extinction • Invasive species • Poaching • Pollinator decline • Species extinction • Threshold host density • Wildlife trade • Wildlife disease
    Energy conservation • Efficient energy use •
    Renewable energy • Renewable energy commercialization •
    • Environmental law - Environmental crime • Environmental justice • Polluter pays principle • Precautionary Principle• regulatory capture
    • DrAmar Nath Giri
      Write a comment...
    ↧

    WISH YOU A VERY HAPPY WORLD ENVIRONMENT DAY -WEATHER REPORT Kakinada Dated :Jun 04, 2015

    June 4, 2015, 3:56 pm
    $
    0
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    Weather Report and Forecast For: Kakinada    Dated :Jun 04, 2015
    Kakinada
    Past 24 Hours Weather Data
    Maximum Temp(oC)36.8
    Departure from Normal(oC)-1
    Minimum Temp (oC)27.4
    Departure from Normal(oC)-1
    24 Hours Rainfall (mm)NIL
    Todays Sunset (IST)18:32
    Tommorows Sunrise (IST)05:27
    Moonset (IST)06:50
    Moonrise (IST)20:07
    Today's Forecast:Sky condition would be generally cloudy. RA/TS may occur in parts of city. Maximum & Minimum temperatures would be around 38 and 27 degrees Celsius respectively.
    Date Temperature ( o C ) Weather Forecast
    Minimum Maximum
    05-Jun 27.0 38.0 Partly cloudy sky with Thundery development
    06-Jun 26.0 38.0 Partly cloudy sky with Thundery development
    07-Jun 26.0 38.0 Partly cloudy sky with Thundery development
    08-Jun 26.0 37.0 Partly cloudy sky with Thundery development
    09-Jun 26.0 37.0 Partly cloudy sky with Thundery development
    10-Jun 26.0 37.0 Partly cloudy sky with Thundery development








    Actual
    Average
    Record
    Temperature

    Mean Temperature
    32 °C
    -

    Max Temperature
    36 °C
    -
    - ()
    Min Temperature
    27 °C
    -
    - ()
    Cooling Degree Days
    24


    Growing Degree Days
    40 (Base 50)


    Moisture

    Dew Point
    26 °C


    Average Humidity
    68


    Maximum Humidity
    81


    Minimum Humidity
    46


    Precipitation

    Precipitation
    0.0 mm
    -
    - ()
    Sea Level Pressure

    Sea Level Pressure
    1005.75 hPa


    Wind

    Wind Speed
    0 km/h ()


    Max Wind Speed
    6 km/h


    Max Gust Speed
    -


    Visibility
    7.0 kilometers


    Events
     



    T = Trace of Precipitation, MM = Missing Value
    Source: Averaged Metar Reports
    Daily Weather History Graph


    Daily Weather History Graph




    Dear Sir,
    Wish you a very good morning ,a very happy World Environment Day
    Forecast
    Date
    max/min temp
    05.06.2015
    33/27
    06.06.2015
    32/27
    07.06.2015
    33/26
    08.06.2015
    3327
    09.06.2015
    34/27
    10.06.2015
    36/27

    Inline image 1

     04.06.2015

    Why World Environment Day is Celebrated

    World environment day annual celebration campaign was started to address the huge environmental issues like wastage and losses of food, deforestation, increasing global warming and so many. Every year celebration is planned according to the particular theme and slogan of the year to bring effectiveness in the campaign all through the world.
    It is celebrated to successfully get carbon neutrality, focusing on the forest management, reducing greenhouse effects, promoting bio-fuels production by planting on degraded lands, use of hydro-power to enhance electricity production, encourage common public to use solar water heaters, energy production through solar sources, developing new drainage systems, promoting coral reefs and mangroves restoration in order to get prevented from flooding and erosion including other ways of environmental preservation. Some of the objectives of the world environment day campaign are mentioned below:
    • It is celebrated to make aware the common public about the environmental issues.
    • Encourage common people from different society and communities to actively participate in the celebration as well as become an active agent in developing environmental safety measures.
    • Let them know that community people are very essential to inhibit negative changes towards the environmental issues.
    • Encourage people to make their nearby surroundings safe and clean to enjoy safer, cleaner and more prosperous future.

    World Environment Day Activities

    Variety of activities are planned to celebrate this great event in different countries to encourage more people towards the celebration. Various news channels take part very actively in the celebration to cover the news and distribute messages about the celebration among common public through their news publications to bring effective and positive changes towards the environment to solve all the environmental issues. Some of the national and international level activities include street rallies, tree plantation, garbage recycling, surrounding areas clean-up, parades and so many activities in order to draw people attention towards wide range of environmental issues as well as bring difference.
    People of all age groups actively involve during the celebration to save their planet in original form as gifted by the nature. Especially modern day youths hugely take part in the celebration through many activities such as clean up campaigns, art exhibitions, motivating people for tree-planting, dance activities, recycling garbage, film festivals, community events, essays writing, poster competitions, social media campaigns and lot more. Many awareness campaigns are also run at schools, colleges and other educational institutions to motivate students towards their environmental safety. The celebration takes place at national and international level by organizing various activities in the public places to aware common public about the real causes of environment status degradation as well as let them know what steps should be taken to solve such environmental issues.
    THESE ARE THE ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES WE MUST HAVE TO THINK , RETHINK =THINK GLOBAL ACT LOCAL
    Issues
    • Human overpopulation — Biocapacity • Carrying capacity • Exploitation • Industrialisation • I = PAT • Land degradation • Land reclamation • Optimum population • Overshoot (population) • Population density • Population dynamics • Population growth • Projections of population growth • Total fertility rate • Urbanization • Waste • Water conflict • Water scarcity • Overdrafting
    • Hydrology — Environmental impacts of reservoirs • Tile drainage • Hydrology (agriculture) • Flooding• Landslide •
    • Intensive farming — Environmental effects of meat production •Intensive animal farming • Intensive crop farming• Irrigation • Monoculture • Nutrient pollution • Overgrazing • Pesticide drift • Plasticulture • Slash and burn • Tile drainage
    • Land use — Built environment • Desertification • Habitat fragmentation • Habitat destruction • Land degradation — Land pollution • Lawn-environmental concerns • Urban heat island • Urban sprawl
    • Nanotechnology — Implications of nanotechnology
    • Nuclear issues — Nuclear fallout • Nuclear meltdown • Nuclear power • Nuclear weapons • Nuclear and radiation accidents • Nuclear safety • High-level radioactive waste management •
    Effects
    • Climate change — Global warming • Global dimming • Fossil fuels • Sea level rise • Greenhouse gas • Ocean acidification • Shutdown of thermohaline circulation • Environmental impact of the coal industry • Urban Heat Islands • Flooding
    • Environmental degradation — Habitat destruction • Invasive species
    • Environmental health — Air quality • Asthma • Birth defect • Developmental disability • endocrine disruptors • Environmental impact of the coal industry •Environmental impact of nanotechnology • Electromagnetic fields • Electromagnetic radiation and health • Indoor air quality • Lead poisoning • Leukemia •Nanotoxicology •Nature deficit disorder •One Health • Sick Building Syndrome • Environmental impact of hydraulic fracturing
    • Environmental issues with energy — Environmental impact of the coal industry • Environmental impact of the energy industry • Environmental impact of hydraulic fracturing •
    • Environmental issues with war - Agent Orange • Depleted Uranium• Military Superfund site (Category only)•Scorched earth • War and environmental law • Unexploded ordnance
    • Overpopulation — Burial • Overpopulation in companion animals • Tragedy of the commons • Gender Imbalance in Developing Countries • Sub-replacement fertility levels in developed countries•
    • Genetic engineering — Genetic pollution • Genetically modified food controversies
    • Pollution — Nonpoint source pollution • Point source pollution •
    Air pollution — Environmental impact of the coal industry • Environmental impact of hydraulic fracturing • Indoor air quality • Smog • Tropospheric ozone • Volatile organic compound Atmospheric particulate matter CFC • Biological effects of UV exposure
    Light pollution • Visual pollution •
    Noise pollution •
    Soil pollution — Alkali soil •Brownfield • Residual Sodium Carbonate Index • Soil conservation • Soil erosion • Soil contamination • Soil salination • Superfund• Superfund sites
    Space debris • Interplanetary contamination * Ozone depletion
    Water pollution — Acid rain •Agricultural runoff •Algal bloom • Environmental impact of the coal industry • Environmental impact of hydraulic fracturing• Eutrophication • Fish kill •Groundwater contamination• Groundwater recharge • Marine debris • Marine pollution •Mercury in fish• Microplastics • Ocean acidification • Ocean dumping • ocean pollution •Oil spills• Soda lake •Ship pollution • Thermal pollution • Urban runoff • Wastewater
    • Resource depletion — Exploitation of natural resources • Overdrafting (groundwater) •Overexploitation
    Consumerism — Consumer capitalism • Planned obsolescence • Over-consumption
    Fishing — Blast fishing • Bottom trawling • Cyanide fishing • Ghost nets • Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing • Overfishing • Shark finning • Whaling
    Logging — Clearcutting • Deforestation • Illegal logging
    Mining — Acid mine drainage • Environmental impact of hydraulic fracturing • Mountaintop removal mining • Slurry impoundments
    Water (depletion) — Anoxic waters • Aral Sea • California Water Wars • Dead Sea • Lake Chad • Water scarcity
    • Toxicants — Agent Orange • Asbestos • Beryllium • Bioaccumulation • Biomagnification • Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) • Cyanide • DDT • Endocrine disruptors • Explosives • Environmental impact of the coal industry • Herbicides • Hydrocarbons • Perchlorate • Pesticides • PBDE • Persistent organic pollutant • PBBs • PBDEs • Toxic heavy metals • PCB • Dioxin • Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons • Radioactive contamination • Volatile organic compounds
    • Waste — Electronic waste • Great Pacific Garbage Patch • Illegal dumping • Incineration • Litter • Waste disposal incidents • Marine debris • Medical waste • Landfill • Leachate • Toxic waste • Environmental impact of the coal industry • Exporting of hazardous waste
    Mitigation
    • Conservation
    Ecosystems — Anoxic waters • Biodiversity • Biosecurity • Coral bleaching • Edge effect • Habitat destruction • Habitat fragmentation • In-situ leach
    Fishing — Blast fishing • Bottom trawling • By-catch • Cetacean bycatch • Gillnetting • Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing • Environmental effects of fishing • Marine pollution• Overfishing • Whaling
    Forests — Clearcutting • Deforestation • Illegal logging
    Natural resources — Resource depletion • Exploitation of natural resources
    Species — Endangered species • Genetic diversity • Habitat destruction • Holocene extinction • Invasive species • Poaching • Pollinator decline • Species extinction • Threshold host density • Wildlife trade • Wildlife disease
    Energy conservation • Efficient energy use •
    Renewable energy • Renewable energy commercialization •
    • Environmental law - Environmental crime • Environmental justice • Polluter pays principle • Precautionary Principle• regulatory capture

    World Environment Day celebrations have been (and will be) hosted in the following cities:

    Year
    Theme
    Host city
    1974
    Only one Earth during Expo '74
    Spokane, United States
    1975
    Human Settlements
    Dhaka, Bangladesh
    1976
    Water: Vital Resource for Life
    Canada
    1977
    Ozone Layer Environmental Concern; Lands Loss and Soil Degradation
    Sylhet, Bangladesh
    1978
    Development Without Destruction
    Sylhet, Bangladesh
    1979
    Only One Future for Our Children – Development Without Destruction
    Sylhet, Bangladesh
    1980
    A New Challenge for the New Decade: Development Without Destruction
    Sylhet, Bangladesh
    1981
    Ground Water; Toxic Chemicals in Human Food Chains
    Sylhet, Bangladesh
    1982
    Ten Years After Stockholm (Renewal of Environmental Concerns)
    Dhaka, Bangladesh
    1983
    Managing and Disposing Hazardous Waste: Acid Rain and Energy
    Sylhet, Bangladesh
    1984
    Desertification
    Rajshahi, Bangladesh
    1985
    Youth: Population and the Environment
    Pakistan
    1986
    A Tree for Peace
    Ontario, Canada
    1987
    Environment and Shelter: More Than A Roof
    Nairobi, Kenya
    1988
    When People Put the Environment First, Development Will Last
    Bangkok, Thailand
    1989
    Global Warming; Global Warning
    Brussels, Belgium
    1990
    Children and the Environment
    Mexico City, Mexico
    1991
    Climate Change. Need for Global Partnership
    Stockholm, Sweden
    1992
    Only One Earth, Care and Share
    Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
    1993
    Poverty and the Environment – Breaking the Vicious Circle
    Beijing, People's Republic of China
    1994
    One Earth One Family
    London, United Kingdom
    1995
    We the Peoples: United for the Global Environment
    Pretoria, South Africa
    1996
    Our Earth, Our Habitat, Our Home
    Istanbul, Turkey
    1997
    For Life on Earth
    Seoul, Republic of Korea
    1998
    For Life on Earth – Save Our Seas
    Moscow, Russian Federation
    1999
    Our Earth – Our Future – Just Save It!
    Tokyo, Japan
    2000
    The Environment Millennium – Time to Act
    Adelaide, Australia
    2001
    Connect with the World Wide Web of Life
    Torino, Italy and Havana, Cuba
    2002
    Give Earth a Chance
    Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
    2003
    Water – Two Billion People are Dying for It!
    Beirut, Lebanon
    2004
    Wanted! Seas and Oceans – Dead or Alive?
    Barcelona, Spain
    2005
    Green Cities – Plan for the Planet!
    San Francisco, United States
    2006
    Deserts and Desertification – Don't Desert Drylands!
    Algiers, Algeria
    2007
    Melting Ice – a Hot Topic?
    London, England
    2008
    Kick The Habit – Towards A Low Carbon Economy
    Wellington, New Zealand
    2009
    Your Planet Needs You – Unite to Combat Climate Change
    Mexico City, Mexico
    2010
    Many Species. One Planet. One Future
    Rangpur, Bangladesh
    2011
    Forests: Nature at your Service
    New Delhi, India
    2012
    Green Economy: Does it include you?
    Brazil
    2013
    Think.Eat.Save. Reduce Your Foodprint
    Mongolia
    2014
    Raise your voice, not the sea level
    barbados,
    2015
    Seven Billion Dreams. One Planet. Consume with Care.
    Italy
    2016
    Join the race to make world a better place
    Saudi Arabia

    World Environment Day Quotes

    Some of the famous quotes (written by the famous personalities) on world environment day are mentioned below:
    • “The environment is everything that isn’t me”. – Albert Einstein
    • “God has cared for these trees, saved them from drought, disease, avalanches, and a thousand tempests and floods. But he cannot save them from fools”. – John Muir
    • “Thank God men cannot fly, and lay waste the sky as well as the earth”. – Henry David Thoreau
    • “Never doubt that a small group of thoughtful, committed citizens can change the world; indeed, it’s the only thing that ever has”. – Margaret Mead
    • “We won’t have a society if we destroy the environment”. – Margaret Mead
    • “It is horrifying that we have to fight our own government to save the environment”. – Ansel Adams
    • “I think the environment should be put in the category of our national security. Defense of our resources is just as important as defense abroad. Otherwise what is there to defend”? – Robert Redford
    • “Take a course in good water and air; and in the eternal youth of Nature you may renew your own. Go quietly, alone; no harm will befall you”. – John Muir
    • “Birds are indicators of the environment. If they are in trouble, we know we’ll soon be in trouble”. – Roger Tory Peterson
    • “By polluting clear water with slime you will never find good drinking water”. – Aeschylus
    • “If we do not permit the earth to produce beauty and joy, it will in the end not produce food, either”. – Joseph Wood Krutch
    • “They claim this mother of ours, the Earth, for their own use, and fence their neighbors away from her, and deface her with their buildings and their refuse”. – Sitting Bull
    • “Conservation is a state of harmony between men and land”. – Aldo Leopold
    • “After all, sustainability means running the global environment – Earth Inc. – like a corporation: with depreciation, amortization and maintenance accounts. In other words, keeping the asset whole, rather than undermining your natural capital”. – Maurice Strong
    • “Harmony with land is like harmony with a friend; you cannot cherish his right hand and chop off his left”. – Aldo Leopold
    • “You will die but the carbon will not; its career does not end with you. It will return to the soil, and there a plant may take it up again in time, sending it once more on a cycle of plant and animal life”. -Jacob Bronowski
    • “People blame their environment. There is only one person to blame – and only one – themselves”. – Robert Collier
    • “I can find God in nature, in animals, in birds and the environment”. – Pat Buckley
    • “We must return to nature and nature’s god”. – Luther Burbank
    • “The only way forward, if we are going to improve the quality of the environment, is to get everybody involved”. – Richard Rogers
    • “Journey with me to a true commitment to our environment. Journey with me to the serenity of leaving to our children a planet in equilibrium”. – Paul Tsongas
    • “Environmental degradation, overpopulation, refugees, narcotics, terrorism, world crime movements, and organized crime are worldwide problems that don’t stop at a nation’s borders”. – Warren Christopher
    • “I think the government has to reposition environment on top of their national and international priorities”. – Brian Mulroney
    • “Environmental concern is now firmly embedded in public life: in education, medicine and law; in journalism, literature and art”. – Barry Commoner
    • “Earth Day 1970 was irrefutable evidence that the American people understood the environmental threat and wanted action to resolve it”. – Barry Commoner
    • “The government should set a goal for a clean environment but not mandate how that goal should be implemented”. – Dixie Lee Ray
    • “Why has it seemed that the only way to protect the environment is with heavy-handed government regulation”? – Gale Norton
    • “The most important environmental issue is one that is rarely mentioned, and that is the lack of a conservation ethic in our culture”. – Gaylord Nelson
    • “Earth provides enough to satisfy every man’s needs, but not every man’s greed”. – Mahatma Gandhi
    • “What we are doing to the forests of the world is but a mirror reflection of what we are doing to ourselves and to one another”. – Mahatma Gandhi
    With best regards,
    "Seven Billion Dreams. One Planet. Consume with Care."
    (2015)
    Dr. AMAR NATH GIRI
    EHSQ , NFCL
    M.Sc. -Environmental Science,Ph.D -Environmental Science law& DIPLOMA AS - P.G.D.E.P.L,CES, DCA,
    EX IIM LUCKNOW FELLOW, EX RESEARCH SCIENTIST
    IGIDR-MUMBAI 
    9912511918
    amarnathgiri@nagarjunagroup.com
    http://www.nagarjunagroup.com
    http://www.nagarjunafertilizers.com 
    EHSQ BLOG : http://dramarnathgiri.blogspot.in/?view=magazine
    http://dramarnathgiri.blogspot.in/2013/10/curriculum-vitae-of-dr-amar-nath-giri.html?q=BIO+DATA
    http://dramarnathgiri.blogspot.in/2012/05/nagarjuna-management-services.html


































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